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The Theme of Love in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay

The Theme of Love in William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night In Twelfth Night, Shakespeare centers unequivocally around the topic of ador...

Monday, September 30, 2019

Positive Behaviour Support Essay

As Willert & Willert suggest, ‘positive behaviour supports developed through the implementation of simple reinforcement strategies†¦can have a significant influence on the social climate of an entire school. ’ (As cited in Zirpoli, 2012, p. 257). With this in mind, this paper aims to analyse and compare the School’s management, welfare, and discipline policies with positive behaviour support models, specifically Mayer’s (1999) constructive discipline approach. The School reflects the view that the world is multifaceted and ever changing. If you only have one way for your classroom to ‘be right’ you are setting yourself up for continued frustration and failure. Skilled teachers understand that the classroom is a complex, unpredictable, messy, and non-linear, working environment. They’ve realised, long ago, that control –especially over others is an illusion. (Gordon, as cited in School Policy, 2012, p. 2). As this is the foundation of the School’s policies it indicates that the strategies enforced have reference to ideas held within various positive behaviour support models. The School, situated in Queensland, has a student enrolment of approximately 800, catering for students from Preparatory Year to Year 7. As schools are important environments for all members to learn, teach, and grow, the School is ‘based on the belief that all students can learn and the staff accepts the responsibility to teach all students, regardless of differences, the fundamental skills required for success in the 21st Century. ’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 4). Read more:  Essays About Promote Positive Behaviour The purpose of the policy is to foster a school culture that assists its students in the development of social and emotional skills, including the ability to exercise self management and responsibility for their behavioural choices. Mayer (1999) suggests that basic student welfare policies, particularly behvaiour management, list ‘the behavioural standards required of students. ’ (p. 37). Furthermore, Mayer aptly states ‘the better ones specify the consequences for violating and following the rules [affecting and influencing] how students behave and how educators respond when students violate or follow rules. ’ (1999, p. 37). Furthermore, Turnbull & Smith-Bird explain that effective schools ‘focus on building a culture of positive reinforcement. ’ (As cited in Zirpoli, 2012, p. 327). Drawing on research, this discussion will reflect the School’s policies in regards to the development of effective school wide rules and strategies, and their consistency among all staff in the school context. (Zirpoli, 2012, p. 329). The policy starts with a brief introductory letter signed from the principal stating that ‘this document has been endorsed and developed in collaboration with all stakeholders of [the School], particularly the school’s Behaviour Management Committee. (School, 2012, p. 3). Through a general acknowledgment, the principal displays appreciation for staff and members of the school community. This introductory letters sets an inclusive tone, which is present throughout the document. The policies are ultimately aimed at the welfare of the students, and have been written as guidelines for staff and teachers. They are indicators for the parents, and general public, of the expectations placed on all members of the school community. A major factor for a supportive learning environment is communication and relationship building between parents/caregivers and the school. Cavaretta (states that ‘there is widespread support among educators and the community for the view that parents have a major role to play in education. ’ (As cited in Marsh, 2010, p. 293). There appears to be no parental voice within the document although the School documents that the philosophy is ‘to build relationships among staff, students, parents, and the community in order to maintain [the] goal of creating a peaceful environment. (School Policy, 2012, p. 6). However, the student voice is represented in the document through a Student Representative Council elected by the student body and teachers each year, ‘students who form the council will present meetings with teachers, deputies and the principal in order to voice the opinion of the student body. ’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 7). Education Queensland’s Code of School Behvaiour (Queensland Government, n. d. has provided the framework on which the School’s Responsible Behvaiour Plan (RBP) is based, defining ‘responsibilities that all members of the school community are expected to uphold and recognises the significance of appropriate and meaningful relationships. ’ (Queensland Government, n. d. ). Eclectic in composition, combining theories, strategies and practices of several educational professionals, the aim of the RBP is to ‘develop a comprehensive policy and practice that meets the holistic and varied needs of all those in the school community. ’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 8). Effective whole school rules and strategies are developed and practiced by all staff. These are universal strategies, referred to in tier one of the three-tier model of School-Wide Positive Behaviour Support (SWPBS). (Zirpoli, 2012, p. 329). The policy, in line with SWPBS states that ‘it is important that rather than follow a reactive approach to behaviour [the staff will] be proactive in dealing with inappropriate classroom and playground behaviours. ’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 8). To ensure that this criterion is met, the School has incorporated desirable behaviours into their own hierarchy of social development. To create a common language and way of discussing behaviour, the School ‘displays this hierarchy through a level ladder from A to E. Where A represents excellent behaviour, B represents good behaviour, C represents satisfactory behvaiour, D represents behaviour that needs attention and E represent unacceptable behaviour. ’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 8). While some schools adhere exclusively to one particular model, the School, using effective school wide behaviour support programs, draws its content from various dominant models. These include Glasser’s Choice Theory; in which people are responsible for their own behaviour, Restorative Justice; to bring resolution, restitution, and restoration of relationships damaged by behaviour, Ford’s Responsible Thinking Process; where students are responsible for their behaviour and need to find ways to achieve goals without disrupting others, and Roger’s Positive Behaviour Leadership; which includes the establishment of clear rules, rights, and responsibilities. (School Policy, 2012, p. 9). The theoretical basis of the policies are consistent with Mayer’s (1999) Constructive Discipline approach of which the ‘emphasis is on prevention and teaching desirable behaviour rather than punishing, reducing or eliminating undesirable behaviour. ’ (p. 38). The School policy states that ‘values and rules have prominence when students are faced with making decisions and judgments about how they should behave and relate to others. ’ (2012, p. 10). Based on the National Goals for Schooling in Australia, the School values are acceptance, self-discipline, honesty, manners, opportunity, respect, and excellence. This reinforces the constructive discipline approach, as ‘the list should be kept simple and to the point. ’ (Mayer, 1999, p. 39). These values coincide with the rules of each year level. However, the policy did not detail the student input in classroom rules, contradicting the constructive approach where ‘all relevant parties should be†¦involved in the development of rules’ (Mayer, 1999, p. 39). The documents provide a program of rules in relation to each of the values, for all year levels. In accordance with Rademacher, Callhan and Pederson-Seelye (1998, p. 86) rules are positively stated, with a verb at the beginning. For example, the rule applied to the value ‘opportunity’ for a Year 1 student is stated as ‘allow others to learn by listening and not interrupting,’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 68), while that of a Year 7 student is ‘display initiative. ’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 74). The School Rules include ‘respect, safety, learning, communication, and problem solving’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 13). The document goes on to explain ‘there are no rights without responsibilities,’ (2012, p. 4), stating the rights and responsibilities in accordance to the rule. The policy takes in to account the constructive discipline approach that conveys the need for rules to be to the point and positive. Mayer states ‘a positive list will guide students in how to behave in reference to how not to behave –a more instructive and less suppressive approach. ’ (1999, p. 39). The behvaiour management coalition, in conjunction with the school community, recognises that ‘one of the keys to a harmonious environment is being able to identify when and how relationships need repair. ’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 6 ). In the policy is a flow chart of the SWPBS, the three tiered model, incorporating whole school behaviour support, target ed behaviour support and intensive behaviour support. Under each of these tiers the policy lists ‘proactive school processes and proactive classroom processes. ’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 17). In the School, typically, each classroom develops individual plans that incorporate a series of steps that responds to positive and rule abiding behaviours. This can include ‘verbal praise, acknowledgement, positive reinforcement, or a gold slip. ’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 9). This is in accordance with the constructive discipline approach where ‘the school environment becomes more reinforcing and less punitive. ’ (Mayer, 1999, p. 38). On the other hand, students who exhibit unacceptable behaviours move through steps of responses that may include ‘warning and rule reminder, time out in the classroom, time out in another behaviour time out classroom, or an incident behaviour slip. ’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 20). This contradicts the constructive discipline approach as parental support is not brought in until an incident behaviour slip is given. Whereas Mayer believes ‘continued parental support is helpful for classroom and schoolwide rules to be effective. ’ (1999, p. 40). Behaviour feedback sheets are used to ‘make students accountable for their behaviour choices’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 24). Similarly, the peacemakers program ‘is a preventative approach to encourage responsible behaviour in the playground. ’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 26). Students who are in need of intensive behaviour support, tier three of the SWPBS, will have imminent action where teachers liaise with parents, chaplian, guidance officers and outside agencies. The Policy provides an intervention flow chart where ‘appropriate intervention is implemented’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 38) once the student has been sent to ‘time out in another classroom’ a minimum of five times. Studies have shown that ‘removal from instruction constitutes negative reinforcement for both student and teacher. ’ (Scott, Nelson, Liaupsin, 2001, p. 314). This is reinforced as Zirpoli states ‘students are frequently sent to timeout for periods of time that are too long and serve only to provide teachers with a break from the student. (2012, p. 374). As a reactive approach to behaviour management, removal from the classroom contradicts the constructive discipline. The School Policy does, however provide cnsideration of individual circumstances stating that ‘the academic, social, behavioural, emotional, physical, and cultural needs of students are considered when structuring and delivering all learning experiences’ which consists with Pacchiano (2000) teachers ‘have to be willing to look at comprehensive instructional variable and their relationship with the students problem behaviour. The policy concludes that responses to inappropriate behaviour are also flexible in that ‘consideration is given to the particular situation, context, preceding events, a student’s individual circumstances, the actions of the student and the needs and rights of the school community members. ’ (School Policy, 2012, p. 38). This is evident in practice as consequential responses are decided upon after discussion, case conferencing and by utilizing a restorative practice framework rather than just implementing a punitive measure . Drawn from data collection, including frequency, duration, rate and the intensity of the behaviour (School Policy, 2012, p. 13) provided by teachers, members of staff, and outside agencies Furthermore the School’s welfare, management and discipline policy includes policies for the appropriate use of own electronic medium, SunSmart, acceptable usage of information technology, lockdown, homework, dress code, cyber safety, and anti-bullying, all of which must be signed by both the student and parent/caregiver upon enrolment of the School. Along with this the school offers a variety of student services and support programs including chaplaincy, guidance officer, learning enrichment team, special education programs, speech language pathologist, and the workshop (a hands on manual arts experience). In conclusion, evidence has been provided to display both contradictory and consistent elements of the School’s policy in accordance with the constructive discipline approach.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Ind Aff

Katie Cornblath Ms. Moore English IV Dual Credit September 30, 2009 IND AFF The narrator’s relationship with Peter is a trying to outdo your sibling relationship with an attractive older man and he regards her as a relief from his problems in his current marriage. The narrator’s sister married a weedy academic professor and the narrator is dating a muscular academic profession which between her and her sister is considered the better of the two academic professor types. The narrator eventually realizes that she does not have the â€Å"inordinate affection† she thought she had. Peter is having difficulties with his wife and having a love affair with a young student is letting him have temporary breaks from his marriage. â€Å"It was a silly sad thing to do, in the first place, to confuse mere passing academic ambition with love: to try and outdo my sister Clare. † The narrator stating this above shows the root of the reason she was in love with Peter because she wanted to outdo her sister’s relationship with her professor. Peter being a muscular academic professor makes him attractive because â€Å"everything works well from the brain to the toes. This makes him good all around while her sister’s weedy academic professor doesn’t have â€Å"enough vital energy† left because the brain uses it all up. The narrator is attracted to Peter because he is better than her sister’s husband making her even more attracted to him other then â€Å"his dexterity and patience. † The narrator comes to her senses when the olde r and gentler looking waiter gave her a reproachful look wondering why she is with this old guy with plenty of young ones out there. This is demonstrated by the good looking waiter that makes her think in a world full of good looking guys what [am] I doing with this man with thinning hair? † That ended the love student professor love affair because the narrator came to the realization this is not true love. Peter, being in a troubling relationship with his wife makes the narrator a relief from his worries and problems. â€Å"Peter liked to luxuriate in guilt and indecision† which is the main reason he had feelings for her as well. It was either between the narrators or his wife and Peter having that indecision show he is still loves his wife even if he doesn’t realize it. There would be fearful personal and practical upheaval entailed if he decided to leave permanently and shack up as he put it with me. † Peter tells this to the narrator but if they were tr uly in love with each other then the â€Å"upheaval† wouldn’t matter to him because he says he doesn’t love his wife so he shouldn’t care what other people think about his actions since he is out of love. The hesitation there, and the caring, and worrying of what others think still shows he has feelings for his wife or otherwise he wouldn’t care if he â€Å"shacked up† with the narrator because he would have loved her more than his wife of 20 years. The narrator loved her professor in order to outdo her sister with the â€Å"attractive muscular academic† and ends up falling out of love when an attractive young waiter makes her question her judgment on Peter. Peter loves her because she is the break he needs from his failing relationship even though he still loves his wife of 20 years deep down because he is undecided to leave his wife for her or not. This was a typical student-professor relationship in the end, no more, no less; just personal reasons tangled up between few people that created â€Å"inordinate affection† between Peter and the narrator.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Answer these questions on Judiasm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer these questions on Judiasm - Assignment Example The religion also includes a practice of meditation especially the letters that make the word God (YHWH). The history of Judaism religious texts is the Torah and Jews worship in Synagogues. Jewish relationship with God is a covenant and Jews must keep God’s laws. Some holy days according to Judaism include Hanukkah, Purim, Sukkot, Passover, Shavuot and Sabbath (Atkinson 56). Men’s circumcision is central to Judaism beliefs. Some Judaism rites include the child birth rites whereby male child is given a name after circumcision while wedding ceremonies entail the breaking of a plate in symbolism of the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. In addition, Judaism requires the Jews to pray three times a day (Wood 67). The rise of Synagogue system was precipitated by the destruction of the original worship center that was the Temple in Jerusalem. King Solomon built the Temple in Jerusalem as an Ark of the Covenant. In 586 BC, it was destroyed by Babylonians, but later built o n smaller scale by Herod in the 1st century. Subsequently, Herod’s temple was destroyed in 70 AD by Romans. The remains of the Herod’s Temple are the western retaining wall that acts as important place for prayer, gathering and pilgrimage (Wood 78). The rise of Synagogue system started during the 6th Century BC during Babylonian exile since Jews could assemble in quorums of about ten men and pray. Several Synagogues were set in Jerusalem in order to cater for ex-slaves and freedmen and Apostle Paul used Synagogues to teach Christianity to the Jews. Synagogues were built on a raised place near the neighboring houses and acted as both social institutions and religious institutions during Jesus time. In this regard, Synagogues act as place of prayers and study of Jewish teachings (Wood 113). Conservative orthodox and reformed Jewish traditions have certain clear distinctions. Conservative Jewish tradition is also referred as Masorti Judaism and conserves the traditional e lements of Judaism while allowing for rabbinical development. According to its origin, the European movements seemed too radical thus there was a need to protect ancient Jewish traditions while appreciating modern change (Atkinson 45). It traces it origins in Germany, but it spread highly in the United States. It regards Israel as the only birthplace of Jewish people and their final destiny and asserts that Hebrew is irreplaceable language of Jewish people. Accordingly, Conservative Jewish traditions are devoted to Klal Yisrael that aims at worldwide Jewish unity and study of Torah. In addition, Conservative Judaism views Jewish life as governed by Halakhah (Jewish Law) since it is the expression of the will of God. It provides participation of both Men and Women in Synagogue prayers and all aspects of Jewish life. Though its accepts change such a cessation of Temple sacrifices, it entails a careful study before acceptance of the change (Wood 98). On the other hand, Orthodox Jewish traditions entails the traditional Jewish practices and beliefs. Orthodox Jewish ignored the Reform movements by retaining the traditional Jewish practices. For instance, Orthodox Synagogues have separate sitting places for men and women (Wise 20). A quorum of ten is necessary before commencement of service and all services are conducted only by male rabbis and in Hebrew language. Orthodox households maintain the traditional laws on diet and rules strictly prohibit any manual labour on

Friday, September 27, 2019

Identify one problematic aspect of Human Resource Management that Essay

Identify one problematic aspect of Human Resource Management that related to your organization - Essay Example On their way to becoming a part of the team, there can be many conflicts, disagreements, and unfortunate events. One major hurdle in achieving harmony among the members is the diversity that they have. The diversity involves age, education, religion, ethnic background, gender, pay scale, marital status, parental status, sexual orientation etc. Like any modern organization, oil & gas companies also seek diversity in their workforce in order to bring a variety of skills. Diversity in a workplace inevitably entails some problems. The biggest problem is created because of prejudices and lack of acceptance. The world consists of many cultures which are very different from each other. People have developed types and they identify other people using stereotypes. People are classified as Americans, Asians, Africans, Indians, Mexicans etc., and these classifications are so diverse that it is almost impossible to number them. Also, there are classes within classes. For instance, there are diff erent types of Muslims, Hindus, Christians, and Jews etc. People are also discriminated against if they are homosexuals. Further, when people come from diverse cultures, they are bound to have different lifestyles. Little appreciation is shown in today’s world for each other’s lifestyle. ... When people are from different cultures, they might speak different languages. With English having become an International language, this problem is solved to a great degree. However, there is also a non-verbal communication and certain gestures are only understandable by a certain culture. They have different values, beliefs, behaviors and assumptions about the world (Alexander, 1988). The more the people are different from each other, the harder it is for them to communicate. In oil & gas companies in The Middle East, recruitments are made from almost all over the globe. The personnel consist of people from the Far East and the sub-continent to workers from Europe and the US. In a professional organization, people learn to respect each other and they try their best to get along. However, there are certain values that are not commonly believed. For instance, the workers from the West have the habit of having platonic relationships with women. In their society, it is very common that a man and a woman are friends. However, platonic relations are very uncommon in Muslim cultures. The Arabs and other Muslims frown upon the platonic relations that the others have. Following the lead of the West, some Muslims may also have platonic relations but they are then questioned by their own communities. Therefore, a web of sophisticated problems is weaved. Drinking wine or alcohol is also prohibited for the Muslims in their religion. They stay away from alcohol but the non-Muslims do not do the same. While sitting in a mixed gathering, it often happens that a non-Muslim unknowingly offers a drink to a Muslim but the offer is rejected in a very emotional manner. This can lead to a verbal or a physical altercation. Even if it does not, it gives

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Chemical andsedimentary processes in acidic salinelakes andtheir Research Paper

Chemical andsedimentary processes in acidic salinelakes andtheir significancefor Martiangeology - Research Paper Example Rover missions sent to Mars and consequent investigations of the evidence found from the planet, have revealed extensive geochemical evidence regarding the presence of standing bodies of water early in the history of Mars. Geochemical archives in lake sediments provide information that aligns with the geological features of Mars. Various acidic saline lakes in Australia, the United States and other countries are analogous with the rocks and soil qualities of planet Mars. The conditions of regional acid saline lakes will be discussed, and terrestrial hematite concretions will be compared with those found on earth. Amino acids are the key to terrestrial biochemistry, widely prevalent in terrestrial life, and easlily identified by means of advanced instruments and technology. For this reason, amino acids are ideal as a biomolecular class, to use for planetary exploration. How chemical biosignatures in amino acids can help to indicate life in Mars will be examined. Introduction â€Å"Un derstanding lake chemistry is critical for correctly interpreting the geochemical archives of lake deposits† (Cohen 69). The presence of elements and isotopes in lakes are closely associated with external climatic and watershed processes. The concentrations of solutes determine the distribution of organisms, and the precipitation or dissolution of mineral phases. Sedimentary archives develop from both fossils and minerals, and interpreting aspects of ancient water chemistry from these records may enable the reconstruction of paleoclimate or activity prior to the presence of human life around the lake. Similarly, the interpretation of isotopic records require a preliminary understanding of their behavior in lakes, and its relationship with external factors such as rainfall or nutrient discharge. Paleolimnology is the study of past conditions or processes of ancient lakes, and of the sediments and history of existing lakes It is recognized that lakes probably existed on Mars and on other planets of the solar system. This invites the next generation of paleolimnologists with tremendous opportunities â€Å"to apply terrestrially gained knowledge of how ‘small’ water bodies record their histories through their sedimentary records† (Cohen 398). Planetary geologists would require the paleolimnological literature to help them interpret these records. However, geologists should be proactive in suggesting the ways in which such deposits should be explored. They are also required to devise analog studies of lake histories from extreme terrestrial environments that replicate those of other planets like Mars. Research that specifically target lakes increase the signals of interest, providing the most highly resolved temporal records possible. Rapid advances in the accuracy of dating lake sediments is expected to play a critical role in advancing paleolimnology, permitting an increasing refinement in the interpretation of time series data and to us e those data to test quantitative model predictions. Cohen (p.398) asserts that the swiftly developing field of paleolimnology works towards making exciting discoveries. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate chemical and sedimentary processes in acidic saline lakes and their significance for Martian geology. Evidence of the Presence of Water in the Early History of Mars â€Å"

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Review - Essay Example ics to determine the positive and negative correlations between and among the prevalence and incidence of pulmonary diseases among employees and the heterogeneous contributory factors such as the duration exposure to unleaded gasoline, employee position and work practices at Nalco in Manila. This researcher suggests unleaded gasoline use for the benefit of all employees in particular and people in general in the Philippines. This research focuses on many related aspects such as short-term and long-term social costs and benefits. While social costs of not using unleaded gasoline and its impact on health of the people in the Philippines would be investigated with reference to Nalco, benefits would be investigated with general reference to a larger population sample in the Philippines. The study in full would investigate health, social, economic and the environmental impact. Environmental organizations and critics in the Philippines have time and again pointed out that the Filipinos’ state of health, especially in Manila, has been deteriorating over the years primarily due to air pollution caused by the ever increasing use of leaded gasoline (Brandon et al 2007; Sastry 2002). These critics have particularly sought to focus attention on the causal factor of using leaded gasoline as a direct impacting agent on the general health factor of the nation (Louella et al. 2006). This state of affairs particularly warrants a comprehensive HIA in Manila. A series of health impact assessments will be made in this HIA to analyze the existing literature on the extent and the incidence of negative health effects on the Filipinos. One of the health impacts would be focused on the verifiable statistical measures such as the mean, the mode and the median population samples that have been affected within a particular locality (AHA 2010). Manilans become the central point of focus while most of the theoretical and conceptual references would be focused on the Nalco employees. Next,

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

The challenge of differentiation and integration Assignment

The challenge of differentiation and integration - Assignment Example It is a formidable challenge in most organizations. This paper looks at the challenge of differentiation with specific reference to Google. Founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998, Google has grown to become a big company with over 12,000 employees. Google operates an intricate network of activities in various locations globally. It has established offices in various locations including in states such as California, Illinois, New York, Texas, Oklahoma, Arizona, Washington, DC, Oregon, Michigan and South Carolina. Google has also established various international offices in locations such as the Middle East, Africa, Europe and Asia. As such, differentiation and integration becomes an imperative challenge to Google. Differentiation refers to the process by which an organization separates itself into various key components (Lawrence, and Lorsch 3). It is a common phenomenon among large organizations. Consequently, as an organization grows larger and expands its activities further, the more differentiated it becomes. Be that as it may, as an organization becomes more differentiated, the various components become more independent as they are conferred with a great deal of autonomy. Therefore, the business culture of such an organization may significantly differ as you move from one component to another. Differentiation is usually done based on varied premises. For example, an organization may decide to differentiate basing on the tasks or on the product offering. In this regards, an organization may opt to divide into departments that produce a given product and establish finance and marketing department for each of the differentiated product. Google has been differentiated into different departments including Information Technology, Engineering, Support, People Operations, Knowledge, Advertising, Technical Infrastructure, Mobile and Digital

Monday, September 23, 2019

Disscision questions american history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Disscision questions american history - Essay Example A separate village, ten miles away, was established due to the large inflow of inhabitants in the town. The villagers were unhappy with the governance of the town and demanded independence from the town. The town authority, however, did not want to lose the fertile taxable province and resented their demand. There was revolt against the ministers appointed by the town from 1672-1688. During this time, three ministers presided over the affairs of the village. During the reign of the fourth minister, there was widespread revolt against the town’s involvement in the affairs of the village. The priests of various New England colonies began to accuse Salem of revolting against the will of God. In 1692, the first traits of witchcraft appeared against these socioeconomic uneasiness, affecting the children. The family of the minister was the first to be deceased. The difference between the town and village and their urge to gain independence were the prime factors in the spread of wit chcraft in the region. (Trask) The US economy would have crumbled if not for the efforts of visionaries like Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. Hamilton arrived in the scene of American politics in its nascent stage in 1787. The previous Article was put up for discussion in 1787 by the thirteen states. Hamilton, representing New York, proposed the election of Governors and senators, which were opposed by the other members. A separate constitution was proposed with the powers being vested on executive, judicial and legal branches. Most of the states did not sign on it. At this juncture, Hamilton with James Madison and John Jay wrote 85 essays known as â€Å"The Federalist†. The essays underlined the importance of the constitution and they played an important part in achieving the support from the states. Hamilton met again in the next convention and persuaded other states to sign on

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Writer is free to pursue any field of inquiry Research Paper

Writer is free to pursue any field of inquiry - Research Paper Example This is arguably the greatest difference and point that makes the beloved better since unlike the summer’s day the beloved is eternal. Moreover, the final lines of the piece explains how the beloved shall live forever in the words of the poem. Additionally, the couplet cements this by arguing that the beloved shall live eternally as long as men breathe and eyes see. Nevertheless, to clearly understand the sonnet there it is important to focus more on the overriding theme and also the general feeling prevalent in the sonnet. Determination of the overriding theme requires a critical evaluation and analysis of the main emergent idea in the sonnet. Theme are important since they give a clearer and better understanding of the main argument in a poem. For this particular sonnet, the overriding theme can be considered to be love. This is because the greatest part of the sonnet mainly focuses on praises directed towards the beloved. Unlike the summer’s day that seems to lack in so many respects such as too short, too hot, and too rough among others, the beloved carries all the desirable aspects of a perfect summer day. For example, the second line states â€Å"Thou art more lovely and more temperate†. Inclusion of such praise towards the beloved shows the speaker’s view and in totality love is the most prevalent theme in the sonnet. Incorporation of emotions in poetry is considered to be of great importance. This is because presence of emotions in a poem creates a platform for readers to interact with the main idea of the poem. Since most poems are written in a seemingly hidden meaning technique, there is need to incorporate an aspect that can act as an intermediary between the persona and the reader hence enhancing understandability. Shakespeare has managed to invoke readers’ emotions through the comparison tactic. There is a general feeling of tenderness as the reader goes through

Saturday, September 21, 2019

The Omnivore’s Dilemma Essay Example for Free

The Omnivore’s Dilemma Essay This book by Michael Pollan wishes to illustrate to the reader’s several eating â€Å"dilemmas† that we humans experience. Since we are considered as omnivores, we basically could eat anything, from meat, vegetables, to processed foods. Because of this we are faced with the problem of choice, what we should eat, how much we should eat, when we should eat it. This book wishes to address the eating problem that the society experiences today. This book tackles the complexity of us humans, wherein the choice that we make when it comes to our meals tells us what kind of person we are. What makes the situation more difficult is that we are faced with various choices with the advent of technology and advancements in agriculture. This book tackles the sad reality of the American diet, wherein most Americans are said to be dysfunctional eaters, as a result of a fast-paced lifestyle. For people on the go, fast foods is a convenient source of their meals, thus creating a fast food diet for most of the Americans. This was, according to Pollan’s diagnosis, was the â€Å"national eating disorder,† wherein the abundance of the possible food sources becomes a problem. Because of this abundance, people often make the mistake of choosing the inappropriate meal for him (Hutson, 2006). Unlike other animals, man has a lot of choices. The koala for example, has no problem in choosing what to eat because it only nibbles on eucalyptus leaves. As for humans, we could eat meat, vegetables, fruits, and other foods. We can’t eat all of these foods at once, that’s why we have to make a choice on what to put in our stomach. Mixing this dilemma with the lifestyle of the modern man often leads to choosing the wrong set of meals. Time is of the essence for most of us, wherein we choose to spend more time working than concentrating on what to cook, what would be healthy, nutritious or delicious. We often rely on fast foods like McDonalds for our meals. But eating fastfood doesn’t mean eating the right food (Kamp, 2006). Pollan has given emphasis on the three principal food chains that we humans usually engage in. These include the Industrial, Organic and Hunter/Gatherer meals. Industrial. The Industrial types are those who thrive on corn. They usually have corn on their diet, whether or not they are aware of it. These people are usually those who live on fast foods. Corn binds the ground meat of the McNuggets, and used as sweetener for soft drinks and sodas. It is also used to obtain fat, plump meats for your meals. When you are an industrial type, you are considered to be as partially fossil fuel, because of the fact that corn requires a lot of nitrogen from the soil and is usually cultivated with fertilizer in order to get the necessary amounts of nitrogen. It is also an effective food supplement for the cows, wherein they’re supposed to eat grass. Organic. Another type is the Organic eater, which are mainly made up of grass. These are the ones who eat mostly vegetables in their diets. But then the problem that arises with this was the transportation of these goods. Transportation entails large costs wherein we are spending much not for the food alone but for the shipping expenses. This is impractical albeit nutritious, that is why it is advisable to grow organics in your own backyards, which is impossible for those living urban lives. Hunter/Gatherer. Another menu was the hunter/gatherer, wherein it consists of ingredients that came from animals shot dead or foraged. This tackles the constraints of taking away the lives of animals in order to feed and suppress your hunger. The book presented these facts to a reader in a conversational-persuasive manner. He wishes to impart to the readers the various eating patterns that we are presently observing and the underlying consequences it has to offer. This book tells us of the eating habit or pattern that has resulted through the years and then supplies the downside of every concept. This is a fair illustration of the real situation that we are facing now. Taking for example its take on the Industrial foods, it elaborated the culprit of the â€Å"fattening† of the American population which was the corn. It showed the readers where corn might be in their diets, and then gave the possible negative effects it poses. It also showed that it is a cheap source of calories. But at the latter part, he also emphasized that it has major contributions on the fattening of the people, leading to obesity (Alter, 2006). This book is significant to the readers because it promotes awareness. It gives us the fair share of knowing what we’re eating. It is like deconstructing our meals, looking closely at its compositions and ingredients, analyzing the positive and negative effects it could bring to the human body. Awareness is a step in which everyone could take in order to live a healthy life. This book doesn’t impose what to eat; it merely suggests or shows what could be the underlying effects the meals we are eating could bring us. This book is a clear illustration of what could be the most important things that we often disregard or neglect when it comes to our meals. This is essential for our well being, especially now that the we are living in a fast-paced world, wherein we don’t have the luxury of time to eat and decide what we should intake. Most of us could learn a lot of new things in this book, and this is highly recommended to all readers, not only for those who are concerned with their health, but also to those who value every aspect of their lives. References: Alter, L. (2006). Book Review: The Omnivores Dilemma. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http://www. treehugger. com/files/2006/05/book_review_the_1. php Hutson, S. (2006). Michael Pollan. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http://www. michaelpollan. com/omnivore. php Kamp, D. (2006). Deconstructing Dinner. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http://www. nytimes. com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp. html? ex=1303444800en=3c0958f57a4112b7ei=5088partner=rssnytemc=rss

Friday, September 20, 2019

The Peroxide In Fatty Acid Biology Essay

The Peroxide In Fatty Acid Biology Essay Oils or fats including edible oil are in great demand everyday as the principal materials for foods, cooking and so forth, therefore, a determination of the degree of oxidation or deterioration of oils or fats is a daily requirement from the viewpoint of hygiene and sanitation, tastes and odors of foods manufactured or cooked. The peroxide value is a measure of those substances in sample, expressed in terms of millie-equivalents of active oxygen per kilogram which oxidize potassium iodide under condition of the test. High peroxide values are a definite indication of a rancid fat, but moderate values may be the result of depletion of peroxides after reaching high concentrations. Procedures: Into the 250mL flask, the sunflower oil is weighted to the nearest 0.1 mg, 5.00 ±0.05g. 30mL of acetic acid-chloroform solution is added. The flask is swirled until sunflower oil is dissolved in the solution. 0.5mL of saturated potassium iodide is added with a graduated pipette. The solution is swirled for 1 minute and 30mL of distilled water is added. For freshly produced oils, a few drops of starch solution are added. 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate solution is titrated is added gradually and with constant and vigorous shaking. The titration is continued, the flask is shake vigorously near the end point to liberate all the iodine from the chloroform layers. The thiosulphate solution is added drop wise until the blue color just disappears. For sunflower oil with high peroxides, 0.01 N is titrated until the yellow iodine color has almost disappeared. 0.5mL of starch indicator is added and continues until the blue color just disappears. Blank test in parallel with determination is carried out. The blank titration must not exceed 0.1mL of the 0.01 n sodium thiosulphate. Step 1 to 9 is repeated by using the canola oil. Results: Weight of canola oil and sunflower oil = 0.22g Initial reading Final reading Sunflower oil 77.8 83.6 Canola oil 74.8 77.8 Peroxide value of sunflower oil = N ÃÆ'- (Vs -Vb) ÃÆ'- 1000 W =0.01ÃÆ'- (83.6-77.8) ÃÆ'- 1000 0.22 = 263.64 Peroxide value of canola oil = 0.01 ÃÆ'- (77.8-74.8) ÃÆ'- 1000 0.22 =136.36 Discussion: In chemistry, fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon chain. It is also any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils, it also plays roles outside the body. Furthermore, it has a general formula of CnH2n+1COOH. When it is not attached to other molecule, it is called free fatty acid. Fatty acid is essential as a source of fuel because of its metabolism yield large quantities of ATP. Characteristically made up of saturated or unsaturated aliphatic compounds with an even number of carbon atoms, this group of acids includes palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids.   One of many molecules that are long chains of lipid-carboxylic acid found in  fats  and oils and in cell membranes as a component of phospholipids and glycolipids. Peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. The simplest stable peroxide is hydrogen peroxide. The O-O group is called the peroxide group or peroxo group. In contrast to oxide ion, the oxygen atoms in the peroxide ion have an oxidation state of -1. Peroxide can be classified into organic and inorganic whereas the inorganic peroxides have an ionic, salt-like character. The organic peroxides are dominated by the covalent bonds. The oxygen-oxygen  chemical bond of peroxide is unstable and easily split into reactive  radicals  via hemolytic cleavage. Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil expressed from sunflower seeds. Sunflower oil is commonly used in  food  as frying oil, and in cosmetic  formulations as an  emollient. Canola oil is made at a processing facility by crushing the rapeseed. Canola is a key ingredient in many foods. Its reputation as a healthy oil has created high demand in markets around the world. Canola oil has many non-food uses, and often replaces non-renewable resources in products including candles, lipsticks, newspaper inks, industrial lubricants and biofuels. The average density of canola oil is 0.92g/ml. The  peroxide value  of an oil and fat  is used as a measurement of the extent to which rancidity reactions have occurred during storage. Other methods are available but peroxide value is the most widely used. The  double bonds found in fats and oils play a role in  autoxidation. Oils with a higher degree of  unsaturation  are most susceptible to autoxidation. The best test for autoxidation (oxidative rancidity) is the determination of the peroxide value.  Peroxides  are intermediates in the autoxidation reaction. Autoxidation is a  free radical reaction  involving  oxygen that leads to deterioration of fats and oils which forms off-flavors and off-odors. Peroxide value, concentration of peroxide in an oil or fat, is useful for assessing the extent to which spoilage has advanced. The peroxide value is the number that expresses in milliequivalents of active oxygen the quantity of peroxide contained in 1000 g of the substance. Peroxide Value is one of the most w idely used tests for oxidative rancidity in oils and fats, peroxide value is a measure of the concentration of peroxides and hydroperoxides formed in the initial stages of lipid oxidation. Milliequivalents of peroxide per kg of fat are measured by titration with iodide ion. Peroxide values are non static and special care must be taken in handling and testing samples. It is difficult to provide a specific guideline relating peroxide value to rancidity. High peroxide values are a definite indication of a rancid fat, but moderate values may be the result of depletion of peroxides after reaching high concentrations. Therefore the peroxide value of canola oil is lower than sunflower oil. Precaution step: There are several precaution steps that must be considered in this experiment. Firstly, our eyes must be perpendicular to the scale of instrument when recording the value to avoid parallel error occurs. Secondly, we must also avoid or minimize the zero error existed in the experiment. Thirdly, during the titration, we must add the sodium thiosulphate gradually or drop by drop, with constant and shake it vigorously to avoid inaccurate value taken. Besides that, we must avoid solution being oxidized or carbon dioxide; CO2 being dissolved in the solution because it will affect the actual result. Conclusion: The peroxide value of sunflower oil is 263.64 while the peroxide value of canola oil is 136.36.