History of Greenpeace Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History of Greenpeace Organization - Essay Example The campaigns to address these fundamental issues has garnered the organization its fair share of victories that is both incessant and remarkable considering the adversity of almost a David and Goliath proportion. Throughout the years, Greenpeace has continually fostered its rapport for trustworthiness and consistence. It has sprouted out from the plan of co-founder Irving Stowe to sail to the Arctic Ocean to protest a nuclear bomb testing. Dubbed the Greenpeace trip, 16,000 people gathered in a benefit concert to support the cause which ignited the continuing legacy of the project. The actions of the group can be described through their peaceful and inventive ways to voice out the concerns of many individuals for the benefit of all human beings. Since then, the revolution that was started by one campaign has materialized into a plethora that has spread across continents. Greenpeace International provides for the linkages among national or regional offices that are most visible in th e local level fortified by the help and support of its international counterpart. There are five core values upheld by the organization that is composed of bearing witness, nonviolence, independence, has no permanent friends or foes and promoting solutions. Being established by Quakers, hippies and other groups as acknowledged by Greenpeace itself, the need to be on the site of environmental destruction first hand is incorporated as there is no place far enough for them to reach and no amount of time long enough to make them leave. The passive and non-aggressive stance is another attribute that they are known for. The demonstrations are usually unconventional but they are never violent. They credit this as the main reason why the group had always been accorded a great amount of respect even among the governments and companies that they fight against including the trust of the general public. The indispensability of financial independence is crucial in the impartiality of any organiz ation. This is why Greenpeace has taken measures to ensure that there is no interest, whether political or economic, that would sway them from their mission by declining any contribution from such. They sustain trough personal contributions and grants from foundations. The possibility of any amicable settlement is not at a lost and this is even more imperative in a way that conjuring up solutions through peaceful settlements can be reached for the benefit of all those involved. Another noteworthy aspect of the Greenpeace projects is the inclusion of scientific studies and other works that are incorporated into the general solution process of all their advocacies. Greenpeace and Climate Change The most pressing and perhaps the primary crusade in the activities of Greenpeace is its battle against climate change. This is focused on energy [r]evolution, oil, cool IT, quit coal, climate impacts, arctic and solutions. All of these are parallel to each other and that the battle for one is not mutually exclusive of the other. In fact, they are all correlated in the effect that the campaign against climate change should inevitably need the concurrence of all. The organization is constantly updating its various national and regional branches on the campaigns that each of them are faced with. In the same way that many scholars coordinate with them to provide for updates on the latest studies that augment the level of awareness of people and how this helps in the campaigns against climate c

Early American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Early American History - Essay Example It all depended on which next male heir was available to fulfill the position. Women did not hold any government positions. These were only restricted to males within the tribes (Native Languages of the Americas). While men were out warring for the tribe, hunting for food, trading good with other tribes, and governing the people, women were responsible for the care of the children and overseeing domestic matters. They were responsible for the welfare of the family as a whole. They saw to it that meals were prepared and that their husbands were well cared for. Nothing has ever been said about women owning property, as the Algonquin's were nomadic people. They moved about quite a bit, as they had to settle were the food supply was greatest (Native Language of the Americas). As far as economics was concerned, these people primarily survived on trading. Some of the items that they traded were beadworks, tobacco, and other goods with other neighboring tribes, such as the Iroquois, whenever they were not warring with them (Native Language of the Americas). The political, social, and economic characteristics of the Iroquois were very similar to the Algonquin's; however, there were a few differences. Like the Algonquin's, the Iroquois engaged in trading, and their tribes were led by chiefs. ... Unlike the Algonquin people, the Iroquois were not nomadic. While they did hunt for food, their farming lifestyle enabled them to reside in one place (Native Languages of the Americas). Though the Iroquois were led by chiefs, their government was very similar to the United States government of today. As a matter of fact, some of the characteristics of our government were derived from the Iroquois Confederacy. While the Algonquin chiefs were only selected through heredity, Iroquois chief were elected, just as people are elected for offices today. While women were not able to be chiefs, they were certainly allowed to vote (Native Languages of the Americas). The social, political, and economic characteristics of the Muskogee Indians were pretty much the same as those of the Iroquois but with a few subtle differences. Men hunted and fought for the protection of their people, while women stayed behind to care for the families. Just like Iroquois women, Muskogee women grew crops for consumption. On the other hand, Muskogee women did not own their own property, and they did not participate in the election of government officials, nor did they hold government positions (Net Industries). When comparing the sexual divisions of labor of the English settlers, the Iroquois, and the societies of Western Africa, we can see that while there are some similarities, there are also some drastic differences. One similarity that all three groups share is that the women stayed home and cared for the needs of the family. They made sure the members of the family were well fed, as they were the cooks of the house, and they cared for the children. The men always held high positions in government, and they had more authority in society. The differences, however, were the English

The Synopsis Of Work Life Balance

The Synopsis Of Work Life Balance A literature review is a critical and in depth evaluation of previous research in a particular area. It allows anyone reading the paper to establish why you are pursuing this particular research program. The role of a literature review is to discover answers to a research problem. Machi Mc Evoy (2008 pp.3) explain an advance literature review as the foundation for identifying a problem that demands original research, and is the basis for the study of a research problem. Both authors even explain further that a literature review critically proposes further research which guides the problem into identifying research objective which then leads to findings and conclusion from the whole research. Therefore the literature review covers areas such as the synopsis of work life balance, the benefits, the approach of gender towards work and life, policies implemented and the best practice approach to balancing work and non-work demands. 2.1 The Synopsis of Work Life Balance Work-life balance is defined as the equilibrium between the amount of time and effort somebody devotes to work and that given to other aspects of life. http://www.healthatwork.org.uk/pdf.pl?file=haw/files/Work-lifeBalance.pdf. However Kaila (2005 pp.223) relates work life balance as creating supportive, healthy work environments for employees who are striving to better integrate their work and personal responsibilities. In the early nineteen century society had categorised working as dominant over life and personal commitments. However, in this new millennium of the twenty century, the changing patterns of individuals interest, gender, social roles and particularly the workforce have shifted where individuals are seeking personal values and managing the complexities of life expectations. 2.2 The Benefits of Work-Life Integration: The key business drivers for work-life balance in the workplace tends to foster positive outcome such as increase productivity, reduced turnover, raised morale attract and retain employees. Thompson et al. (1999 pp.14) indicated if an organization fosters individual work-life integration a central expectation is a positive impact on individual work performance. Professionals experiencing time stress or psychological stress because of their high workload and maybe because of the demands of private life that they cannot fulfill satisfactorily, will be likely to suffer from low concentration and in the end lower productivity. Conversely, Hudson (2005) analysis underlined that employees in organizations who dont have a balance of work and non work matters tends to experience and generate negative outcomes. In fact Hudson (2005) expressed further by implying that employees are more likely to be less productive, less committed and highly decisive of leaving the organisation once they are experiencing increased stress due to work/life conflicting issues and are perceived of having no control over balancing work and non-work demands. However Kaiser et al. (2010) believed that if one viewed balancing work and life concept as a means of lowering absenteeism, reducing stress and health issues, then one can safely relate that work-life integration can have a positive impact on employees performance and productivity. So based on what was stated above, it may appear that the organisations are the ones benefiting from work-life balance. However Kossek Lambert (2005) implied that employees also benefit from work-life balance outcomes where workers experience lower level of stress, reduce work and non-work conflicts and constrains and have greater autonomy and flexibility in achieving work-life balance. In light of what was stated above by relevant authors, it is prudent to point out that work-life integration can have a positive outcome which benefits the employees and enhance the organisation. 2.3 Organizational Behaviour towards Work-Life Balance: The present magnitude of viewing work life balance is to promote a healthy balance between work and non work commitments which should be the main idea for organisations to consider. However not all managers view work life balance as positive outcomes for the organization. In fact Rodbourne (1996) argued that the work/life culture can be perceived as a factor correlated to less job security and negative career progression due to the utilization of work/life policies. Conversely, Druker (2000) implied that it is corporation social responsibilities to encourage work-life balance within their organization. However more and more organizations are promoting and even offering work life balance programs in the workplace. Herlihy Maiden (2005) imply that successful organizations are where they are today because they invest in their employees since they recognised that people are capital assets of the organizations rather than a cost to be administered. Both authors also believed that in order for employees to be effective at work, they themselves need to be able to make unique contributions to the organisation that lies within the contexts of their own personal condition. In relation to Herlihy Maiden (2005), Powell (2010 pp 199) explained that individuals success in managing the work-family interface is influenced by the environments that their employers provide and the strategies they adopt. Powell (2010) continued further stating that employees who have family-supportive managers and work in organization that offers family-friendly initiatives tends to stay with the organization. 2.4 Gender and Work Life Balance The early version of working in society was composed that men were the dominant ones towards work while women were distinguished as housewives, however the structure of that conception has dramatically change where women are just as equal to men in aspect of professionals. Maron (2009) reported on Equal Stress signified that studies have found that women are contributing 44% of the household family income compared in the past and that childcare by men have increased in recent times. Friedman Greenhaus (2000) pointed out that long ago it was known that men was the breadwinner and women was the stay-at-wives, however changes has shifted in the composition of the workplace tremendously. Friedman Greenhaus (2000) noted that women make up half the workforce and is increasing in higher levels whereas there is fewer pressure on men categorized has the sole breadwinner. Korabik et al., (2008 pp.223) stated that the gender role ideology conceptualized the tradition that women should give priority to family responsibilities and men to work responsibilities. However Korabik et al. (2008) advocated the fact that the gender role ideology emphasizes a more stereotype role where it often produce a negative impact on both mothers and women and have developed a one-sided judgmental analysis. Instead the detriment effect of this should impact on men also so that women should not be expected to conform to the stereotype gender role. Despite the many variations of work and life roles for women, Cleveland et al. (2000) stated that the underlying assumption focuses that the model life-role for women was homemaker and that working women careers and work commitments would be interrupted by pregnancy and childcare. Cleveland et al. (2000) imply that yes women do stop working briefly due to pregnancy however majority of them do return to work after that short interruption. Reeves (2010) emphasizing that whether women are taking care of children, cleaning, cooking and dealing with errands, women of today has been and are working harder than before to meet the demands of work at home and on the job. Reece Brandt (2006) pointed out that most working men, just as women, need to balance work and personal life and now have choices which relate to marriage and family life concerns. According to Strober (2010) reported on US Banker News proclaimed that 40% of men wants to be employed by organizations that allows them to employ there managerial skills and at the same time still have time to be successful fathers and husbands. 2.5 Policies behind work-life balance: In many organizations there are a range of policy choices that have been put in place to accommodate employees in the field of work life issues. Polices implemented in organisations are intended to assist employees, especially caregivers and females, to manage work and personal conflicts. Supporters of policies argue that the policies in HR practices help people achieve balance of work and life issues. Sparrow Cooper (2003 pp.220) applied the situational theory framework quoting work-life balance policies are introduces where the organizations sees a direct link between them and a solution to problems of absenteeism, and staff turnover. He indicated that employers are implementing policies as part of a strategy in attempt to illustrate caring responsibilities for coping parents. However, according to Hudson (2005 pp.14), the mere availability of extensive and generous work/life policies does not necessary result in widespread utilisation by employees or subsequently improvements in work/life balance reductions in work/life conflicts. He explains that the complex nature of work-life balance policies is not being utilized because employees are afraid to use the programs as a result of fear of negative consequences. Coussey (2000) mirrored Hudson (2005) statement by implying that employers may believe that it is insignificant benefits of having these polices and that employees may be unable to afford to make use of these policies because of concerns that it may affect their career progression. However, according to Torun (2007 pp.5) the potential benefits of work-life programmes, can lead to real qualitative and quantitative benefits for the employer in terms of productivity gains, lower turnover rate, a stronger team spirit and loyalty to employer. His analysis of work life balance is associated with employees performance which provides evidences that a well structure programme can assist with time management benefits for both the employees and the employers in terms to increase productivity and at the same time personal life satisfaction. Conversely, to compliment to Torun (2007) analysis, Crouter Booth (2009) implied that organisation that has a supportive work-family culture is associated to positive outcomes that organisations benefit from such as increase commitment, higher job satisfaction, lower absenteeism, decreased work family conflict, decreased psychological distress, fewer somatic complaints and decreased role strain. Edwards, Scott Raju (2003) said that work life program have been created to assist with the managing of working individuals responsibilities of both work and personal matters. Galinsky Johnson (1998) argued that these very said policies are suppose to be seen as essential way of attracting and retaining best talent for organisations. Burke Cooper (2006 pp.149) have similar opinion to Galinsky Johnson (1998) statement by quoting that the provision of work-life benefits more clearly distinguishes an employer from its competitors and might have substantial effects on an organisations image as good place to work. Conversely to state, in this particular area all authors that have given their analysis about policies and work-life balance are simply emphasizing that organisations that implement work -life policies tend to attract committed employees to work for them. 2.5.1 The Characteristics of Work-Life Balance: The transition of work-life balance challenges the cognition that the demographic workforce has changed drastically in recent years. The fact of the matter is that the workforce includes dual-earner partners who are married and have the responsibilities to care for children and presently some are also burden with adult-care responsibility too. Because of these encounter, several legislation policies was introduced in the UK to accommodate the European workforce commitment, just to name few from the set are: Parental Leave Maternity Leave Flexible Time Time off for dependants 2.5.2 Flexible Working: The concept of flexible working has been commonly utilized by many organizations to assist employees with balancing work and life. Many employers understand the need for flexible working because of the growing diversity of women in the workplace, ageing population and young adults pursuing an education and wishing to work at the same time. In fact reporter Coughlan (2009) studies have found that every two person in an organisation there are now more than one person in education. According to Peper et al. (2005) employees need flexibility in the workplace that would assist them to balance the demands of work and family. Peper et al., (2005) implied further that employees no longer anticipate their jobs as long life, but do except to build self-opportunities from working. Specifically the ability to keep this in mind is very essential for managers. Robertson (2007) critically send a very important message stating that organizations that offer flexible working arrangements to employees offers employees to promote good balance between work and home life will evolve to healthy employees and healthy employees are good for business. To coincide with Robertson (2007), Konrad (2006) argued that studies have found that employees who have access to work-life flexibility demonstrate stronger organizational commitments and decreases employees intention to leave the organisation. 2.6 Best Practices promoting Work-Life Balance: The complexity of a best practice approach would be appealed by employees once offered by organisations. By exhibiting this context it would assist in develop strategic responses and positive concepts for employees and employers. Burke Cooper (2008 pp.229) best practices in the workplace are generally understood as a set of practices or actions which results in optimum outcomes, ideally benefiting both employees and the employing organisation. Burke Cooper (2008) further explains that the imperative of work practices increases the morale of meeting the dual agenda of employees well-being and workplace effectiveness. To mirrored Burke Cooper (2008), according to Taylor (2002) he indicated that organizational practices often assists companies to achieve competitive advantage in the marketplace. They argued that these practices usually enhance business performance in organizations that implement practices. However, another theorist Cooper (2005) disagreed with the statement above, she indicated that what is consider good practice in one organizations may not be appropriate in one another. According to Lewis Cooper (2005 pp.5) good practice in a specific context may be inadequate tomorrow, which is why an understanding of the process is more useful than just practices for sustaining long-term positive outcomes. The nature of best practice approach predominantly utilized in organisations is initially defined to support employees work-life responsibilities and commitments. Brown (2005) found that the utilization of best practice approach of work life integration does not only benefit employees, but also organisations and employers with an open mind to this approach somehow succeed in attracting valued employees and maintain a motivated staff whereby delivering positive outcome. In the interim to promote work life balance organisations should adopt best practice approach that would encourage flexibility and positive results in both employees and employers. So perhaps incorporating family-friendly policies and practices in the workplace could make a difference for employees with a lot of responsibilities, commitments and work life situations. However Hein (2005) argued that family-friendly policies and practices can assist employees with the complexity of work life issues. Hein (2005) explain further that even though policies and practices exist, however employees tend to be hesitant to proceed to use them because of career concerns or the fact that line managers discourage them from using it. All the authors here are simply emphasizing that employers should create a family-friendly organisational culture approach where employees and senior managers must be in favour of such practices and should be seen using the same practices. Summary Reviewing the literature studied indicated by various authors, foster the linked with job satisfaction and commitment to work life balance. The concept of this seems that the authors all have a one-sided view to work life balance and the effects to employees performances, commitments and at the same time organization effectiveness. The evidence illustrates supports that the propensity for negative outcome of performance to arise is expected to hinder productivity, especially when there are conflicts between managing time for non-work and work related issues. To present a link with the literature review, an evaluation of the methods of research carried out to conclude to findings of employees would be employed in the next chapter.

Chysalids Compared To By The Waters Of Babylon Essay -- essays researc

Two very good stories are The Chrysalids by John Wyndham and â€Å"By The Waters Of Babylon† by Stephen Vincent Benet. Both these stories are sci-fi and depict what human civilizations will be like after a nuclear holocaust. The result of the holocaust has altered the Hill People and Waknuk people’s morals and religious beliefs. The main difference between the stories is one is viewing the future as positive the other is portraying the future negatively. The Chrysalids was a better story. It portrayed what humans act like. In the following paragraphs many points will be looked upon to prove that The Chrysalids is a better story. The Chrysalids takes place in an eastern part of Canada called Labrador. It is set in the future after a nuclear holocaust has occurred. The town of Waknuk is isolated because the surrounding areas have heavy radiation and nothing can survive there. Because of this isolation Waknukians had to make up new religious and moral beliefs. Both these stories have many similarities as well as many differences. Some of the most visible similarities are in the setting. They are both set in the future after a nuclear holocaust. Both stories are set in small villages where laws are strict and the surrounding areas of the villages are forbidden. Both civilizations have lost all knowledge of past civilizations, they must recreate beliefs and morals the best they can. As well they also thought very highly of the Old People. What these villages do not understand they make up stories to explain them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the differences in setting are some Hill People know what is around them. No one in Waknuk knows what is around them. In â€Å"By The Waters Of Babylon† priests are allowed to go into dead places, where as in Waknuk no one is allowed to go into the fringes. â€Å"By The Waters Of Babylon† takes place in New York. The Chrysalids is set in Labrador. What the Hill People do not understand they attributed to God where as in Waknuk what is unknown is associated with the devil. The novel The Chrysalids starts out when the main character, David is having a dream. The dream is about a city with flying objects in the sky and buggies without horses to pull them. After this dream David is curious of what this city is. He realizes he has the gift of telepathy. He and the others with telepathy must keep it a secret or they will be banished... ...s. The themes of these stories are alike in the sense that they both show strict religious views. There laws are very strict and clear. The themes are different in the way that society is presented. In The Chrysalids humans are portrayed as being ignorant and negative. On the other hand â€Å"By The Waters of Babylon† presents humans as being accepting and optimistic. The most significant difference in these stories is the way the societies think. The Waknuk people refuse to change and are very stubborn. The Hill People are accepting of the truth and are willing to change. The novel The Chrysalids went into a lot more detail and seemed more relatable then â€Å"By the Waters of Babylon.† The best story is The Chrysalids. It portrayed society more accurately. It was also more exciting and realistic. Both these stories were well written. They had many similarities as well as many differences. The better story of the two is The Chrysalids by Jon Wyndham. His story went into greater detail and was more exciting. The plot of The Chrysalids was also a lot more elaborate. After observing many points about setting, plot, characters and theme the more accurate story of humans is The Chrysalids.

Misconception of Gender Roles in Islam

Misconception of gender roles occur in everyday aspect of life and religion is no exception to this case. Especially in the religion of Islam, current debates occur over gender roles. Although this monotheistic religion has been around for centuries, It wasn't long ago that it became so prevalent in main stream media; especially since the occurrence of 9/11. As much as this religion Is celebrated, it Is also highly scrutinized for the preconception of the role of man and woman.This Is all based upon the interpretations by Non-Muslims and Muslims alike, due to the fact that ultra biases conflict with actual teachings of Islam. Negative connotations have been made In regards to how women do not receive equal treatment and how men are treated like kings. Though many claim that Islam has monolinguals view points, this religion In fact has high Importance of women. It's the truth that has to be reexamined to get Americans to reconsider their perception of Muslim women and their Important roles In Islam.To understand this debate over women's role In Islam, one has to understand the religion Itself. The actual meaning of the word â€Å"Islam† according to Encyclopedia Britannica is an Arabic word that means submission to God. Specifically it is the act of compliance to one single God, which is why it is a monotheistic religion. This religion is carried out by their holy book called the â€Å"Curran†. The main objective of this religion is to live a full life through the teachings of Curran, rid one's self of negative attributes such as Ego that pollutes the mind.This religion is meant to be practiced on a continual basis and that is why it incorporates domestic issues such as, how to dress, personal hygiene, what to eat, and civil issues such as marriage and divorce. Islam has survived through many centuries and remains to be the fastest growing religion in America to date. According to Time Magazine, by 2030 the global population is set to reach over 8 billion and 26. 4% of that population will be Muslim. One of the main problems in understanding Islam is due to the language barrier. Most of the important teachings are written in Arabic.Majority of the world does not speak this language. Therefore, it is up to the translation to decipher the teachings. Through translation meaning gets lost and is up to interpretation to understand what topics are presented. Interpretations are based off of opinions and are subjected too bias that develops with the interpreter. As a result, it is challenging to get an objective viewpoint to understand Islam. In addition, Immoral practices are administered within the religion of Islam because of cultural standards conflicting with the actual teachings.This makes it difficult for Muslims already part of the religion to understand the religion further, let alone the Non-Muslims who absolutely have no knowledge about the religion, that are basing their understanding off of bad sources. Such misconcepti ons result In people developing their criticisms of a religion that Is so far from the actual truth. In the religion Islam, both women and men are spiritually equal because they encompass a soul. The basic meaning behind that Is both partners have the same sense of hearing, speaking, breathing, touching, and assisting.They also have the ability to choose between what Is right or wrong. What separates a woman from a man is women's capability to procreate. This is purely who do not follow a religion. There is nothing in the Curran verses that implement that men are superior to women. It is purely society's misinterpretation of Islamic teachings that otherwise state the equality between a man and woman. It is social, economic, and biological aspects that differentiate the role of each gender, and thus a role of women should be civil to that of a man.

Chapter 2 Outline and Key Terms

Chapter 2 First Farmers The Revolutions of Agriculture, 10,000 b. c. e. –3000 b. c. e. Chapter Overview CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES †¢TO MAKE STUDENTS AWARE THAT AGRICULTURE EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY IN SEVERAL REGIONS OF THE WORLD †¢To trace the development of agriculture and its local variations †¢To consider the social implications of the Agricultural Revolution Chapter Outline I. OPENING VIGNETTE A. In the past two centuries, there has been a dramatic decline in the number of farmers worldwide. 1. United States an extreme case: only around 5 percent of Americans, many of them over 65 years old, were still on farms in 2000 2. reat increase in the productivity of modern agriculture B. The modern retreat from the farm is a reversal of humanity’s first turn to agriculture. II. The Agricultural Revolution in World History A. Agriculture is the second great human process after settlement of the globe. 1. started about 12,000 years ago 2. often called the Neolit hic (New Stone Age) or Agricultural Revolution 3. deliberate cultivation of plants and domestication of animals 4. transformed human life across the planet B. Agriculture is the basis for almost all human developments since. C.Agriculture brought about a new relationship between humans and other living things. 1. actively changing what they found in nature rather than just using it 2. shaping the landscape 3. selectively breeding animals D. â€Å"Domestication† of nature created new mutual dependence. 1. many domesticated plants and animals came to rely on humans 2. humans lost gathering and hunting skills E. There was an â€Å"intensification† of living: getting more food and resources from much less land. 1. more food led to more people 2. more people led to greater need for intensive exploitation III. Comparing Agricultural BeginningsA. The Agricultural Revolution happened independently in several world regions. 1. Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia 2. several areas in sub-Saharan Africa 3. China 4. New Guinea 5. Mesoamerica 6. the Andes 7. eastern North America 8. all happened at about the same time, 12,000–4000 years ago 9. scholars have struggled with the question of why agriculture developed so late in human history B. Common Patterns 1. Agricultural Revolution coincided with the end of the last Ice Age a. global warming cycle started around 16,000 years ago b. Ice Age was over by about 11,000 years ago . end of Ice Age coincided with human migration across earth d. extinction of some large mammals: climate change and hunting e. warmer, wetter weather allowed more wild plants to flourish 2. gathering and hunting peoples had already learned some ways to manage the natural world a. â€Å"broad spectrum diet† b. development of sickles, baskets, and other tools to make use of wild grain in the Middle East c. Amazon: peoples had learned to cut back some plants to encourage growth of the ones they wanted d. Australians had elaborat e eel traps 3. omen were probably the agricultural innovators 4. gathering and hunting peoples started to establish more permanent villages a. especially in resource-rich areas b. population growth perhaps led to a â€Å"food crisis† 5. agriculture developed in a number of regions, but with variation a. depended on the plants and animals that were available b. only a few hundred plant species have been domesticated c. only fourteen large mammal species were domesticated C. Variations 1. the Fertile Crescent was the first to have a full Agricultural Revolution a. resence of large variety of plants and animals to be domesticated b. transition to agriculture triggered by a cold and dry spell between 11,000 and 9500 b. c. e. c. transition apparently only took about 500 years d. much more societal sophistication (mud bricks, monuments and shrines, more elaborate burials, more sophisticated tools) 2. at about the same time, domestication started in the eastern Sahara (present-day S udan) a. the region was much more hospitable 10,000–5,000 years ago b. domestication of cattle there about 1,000 years before Middle East and India c. n Africa, animals were domesticated first; elsewhere, plants were domesticated first d. emergence of several widely scattered farming practices e. African agriculture was less productive than agriculture in the Fertile Crescent 3. separate development of agriculture at several places in the Americas a. absence of animals available for domestication b. only cereal grain available was maize or corn c. result: replacement of gathering and hunting with agriculture took 3,500 years in Mesoamerica d. Americas are oriented orth/south, so agricultural practices had to adapt to distinct climate zones to spread IV. The Globalization of Agriculture A. Agriculture spread in two ways: 1. diffusion: gradual spread of techniques and perhaps plants and animals, but without much movement of human population 2. colonization or migration of agric ultural peoples 3. often both processes were involved B. Triumph and Resistance 1. language and culture spread with agriculture a. Indo-European languages probably started in Turkey, are spoken today from Europe to India b. similar process with Chinese farming . spread of Bantu language in southern Africa d. similar spread of Austronesian-speaking peoples to Philippines and Indonesian islands, then to Pacific islands 2. the globalization of agriculture took about 10,000 years a. did not spread beyond its core region in New Guinea b. did not spread in a number of other regions c. was resisted where the land was unsuitable for farming or where there was great natural abundance 3. by the beginning of the Common Era, gathering and hunting peoples were a small minority of humankind C. The Culture of Agriculture 1. griculture led to much greater populations 2. changes in world population a. 10,000 years ago: around 6 million people b. 5,000 years ago: around 50 million people c. beginning of Common Era: around 250 million people 3. farming did not necessarily improve life for ordinary people a. meant much more hard work b. health deteriorated in early agricultural societies c. new diseases from interaction with animals d. the first epidemics appeared due to larger communities e. new vulnerability to famine, because of dependence on a small number of plants or animals 4. ew constraints on human communities a. all agricultural people settled in permanent villages b. the case of Banpo in China (settled ca. 7,000 years ago) 5. explosion of technological innovation a. pots b. textiles c. metallurgy 6. â€Å"secondary products revolution† started ca. 4000 b. c. e. : a new set of technological changes a. new uses for domesticated animals, including milking, riding, hitching to plows and carts b. only available in the Eastern Hemisphere 7. deliberate alteration of the natural ecosystem a. removal of ground cover, irrigation, grazing b. vidence of soil erosion and def orestation in the Middle East within 1,000 years after beginning of agriculture V. Social Variation in the Age of Agriculture A. Pastoral Societies 1. some regions relied much more heavily on animals, because farming was difficult or impossible there 2. pastoral nomads emerged in central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Sahara desert, parts of eastern and southern Africa 3. relied on different animals in different regions a. horses were domesticated by 4000 b. c. e. ; encouraged the spread of pastoral peoples on Central Asian steppes b. omesticated camels allowed human life in the inner Asian, Arabian, and Saharan deserts 4. no pastoral societies emerged in the Americas B. Agricultural Village Societies 1. most characteristic form of early agricultural societies, like Banpo or Jericho 2. maintenance of equality and freedom (no kings, chiefs, bureaucrats, aristocrats) 3. Catalhuyuk, in southern Turkey a. population: several thousand b. dead buried under their houses c. no streets; pe ople moved around on rooftops d. many specialized crafts, but little sign of inherited social inequality e. o indication of male or female dominance 4. village-based agricultural societies were usually organized by kinship, group, or lineage a. performed the functions of government b. the Tiv of central Nigeria organized nearly a million people this way in the late nineteenth century 5. sometimes modest social/economic inequality developed a. elders could win privileges b. control of female reproductive powers C. Chiefdoms 1. chiefs, unlike kings, usually rely on generosity, ritual status, or charisma to govern, not force 2. hiefdoms emerged in Mesopotamia sometime after 6000 b. c. e. 3. anthropologists have studied recent chiefdoms in the Pacific islands 4. chiefdoms such as Cahokia emerged in North America 5. distinction between elite and commoner was first established VI. Reflections: The Legacies of Agriculture A. Agriculture is a recent development in world history. 1. was an a daptation to the unique conditions of the latest interglacial period 2. has radically transformed human life and life on the planet more generally B.One species, Homo sapiens, was given growing power over other animals and plants. C. Agriculture also gave some people the power to dominate others. Key Terms AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: ALSO KNOWN AS THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION, THIS IS THE TRANSFORMATION OF HUMAN (AND WORLD) EXISTENCE CAUSED BY THE DELIBERATE CULTIVATION OF PARTICULAR PLANTS AND THE DELIBERATE TAMING AND BREEDING OF PARTICULAR ANIMALS. Austronesian: An Asian-language family whose speakers gradually became the dominant culture of the Philippines, Indonesia, and the Pacific islands, thanks to their mastery of agriculture.Banpo: A Chinese archeological site, where the remains of a significant Neolithic village have been found. (pron. bahn-poe) Bantu: An African-language family whose speakers gradually became the dominant culture of eastern and southern Africa, thanks to their agricultural techniques and, later, their ironworking skills. (pron. BAHN-too) Bantu migration: The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon to most of Africa, in a process that started ca. 3000 b. c. e. nd continued for several millennia. broad spectrum diet: Archeologists’ term for the diet of gathering and hunting societies, which included a wide array of plants and animals. Cahokia: An important agricultural chiefdom of North America that flourished around 1100 C. E. (pron. cah-HOKE-ee-ah) Catalhuyuk: An important Neolithic site in what is now Turkey. (pron. cha-TAHL-hoo-YOOK) chiefdom: A societal grouping governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people. iffusion: The gradual spread of agricultural techniques without extensive population movement. domestication: The taming and changing of nature for the benefit of humankind. end of the last Ice Age: A process of global warming that began around 16,000 years ago and ended about 5,000 years later, with the earth enjoying a climate similar to that of our own time; the end of the Ice Age changed conditions for human beings, leading to increased population and helping to pave the way for agriculture.Fertile Crescent: Region sometimes known as Southwest Asia that includes the modern states of Iraq, Syria, Israel/Palestine, and southern Turkey; the earliest home of agriculture. horticulture: Hoe-based agriculture, typical of early agrarian societies. intensification: The process of getting more in return for less; for example, growing more food on a smaller plot of land. Jericho: Site of an important early agricultural settlement of perhaps 2,000 people in present-day Israel.Mesopotamia: The valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in present-day Iraq. native Australians: Often called â€Å"Aboriginals† (from the Latin ab origine, the people who had been ther e â€Å"from the beginning†), the natives of Australia continued (and to some extent still continue) to live by gathering and hunting, despite the transition to agriculture in nearby lands. pastoral society: A human society that relies on domesticated animals rather than plants as the main source of food; pastoral nomads lead their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather han settling permanently in a single location. â€Å"secondary products revolution†: A term used to describe the series of technological changes that began ca. 4000 b. c. e. , as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power. stateless societies: Village-based agricultural societies, usually organized by kinship groups, that functioned without a formal government apparatus. teosinte: The wild ancestor of maize. (pron. tay-oh- SIN-tay)

elite african americans essays

elite african americans essays During the Reconstruction period, congress sent to the states three important new amendments the Constitution. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery, while the Fourteenth Amendment made black citizens, equal to their white counterparts. The fifteenth Amendment states that no citizens could be stopped from voting because of their race or color. There were high spirits and vision of progress among blacks in America. These feelings of joy and happiness lasted shortly when laws were passed that provided for the segregation of southern society into two parts. One for the whites and the other for the blacks. Among the chaos and confusion arisen two black elites in Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. Although both approached the way to deal with oppression and assimilation differently, both enjoyed success in being respected and admired leaders who brought their people one step closer to really becoming free. With the support of Northern missionary societies and a few Southern state governments, they expanded the network of black colleges and institutions into an important educational system Booker T. Washington, born into slavery had worked his own way out of poverty by acquiring an education. He as the founder and president of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Once established, he urged other blacks to follow the same road to self-improvement. Washington urged blacks to attend school, learn skills, and establish a strong footing in agriculture and trade. Blacks should refine their speech, improve their dress, and adopt habits of personal hygiene and cleanliness. Only when blacks do all these things will they win the respect of the white citizens. In a famous speech in Georgia in 1895, Washington outlined a philosophy of race relations that became known as the Atlanta Compromise. Washington stated the agitation of questions of racial equality is the extreme folly (Norton 614). He envisioned a society...

British National Identity essays

British National Identity essays Chris Waters in Dark Strangers and George Orwell in The Lion and the Unicorn, address the topic of national identity before and after wartime England. However, they address the topic in two very different ways. Orwell takes a more cynical approach, referring to national identity in England as essentially a class identity, whereas, Waters addresses the topic in terms of racial identity as the defining terms of national identity in England during and after the war. Waters often speaks of an imagined community or and imagined national identity when referring to Britain. Orwell doesnt bring up these exact terms, but he does imply the same thoughts. Waters and Orwell seem to believe that after the war, national identity will/did crumble. Although these authors write at different times, and come from different backgrounds, they find a common means by which the people of England form a national identity. They attribute the formation of these identities to the role of the government, popular readings, radio, etc. However, in Orwell, national identity coincides with class whereas in Waters, national identity coincides with race. The two articles were written at very different times in history. Orwells article was written before the end of the war. He refers to the possibility of the decrease in national identity after the war due to a decrease in class difference. Orwells opinion of the situation is based on what was actually going on at the time in conjunction with his personal opinions. On the other hand, Waters article was written after the war and in retrospect. He was able to take in to account previous articles, research and actually history when drawing inferences as to the state of Britain concerning national identity. He attributes the decline of British national identity to the introduction of The Commonwealth and migration into Britain. He blames the role...

The 21 Best Dogs for Apartment Living

The 21 Best Dogs for Apartment Living SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Living in an apartment doesn’t mean you can’t also have a happy, healthy dog as well (unless your apartment complex doesn’t allow dogs, of course!). Though apartment living comes with a few hurdles when it comes to dog ownership, finding the right dog breed can make all the difference. With a little effort, the majority of dog breeds can live in apartments, but apartment living is certainly easier with some breeds than others. So let’s check out what qualities make for a good apartment dog and the top breeds that fit the bill. What Makes a Good â€Å"Apartment Dog†? There are a few basic qualifications for the best apartment dogs, since living in an apartment (as opposed to living in a freestanding home) brings with it a few restrictions: The size of your place is likely relatively small. You have more difficulty getting a dog to a grassy area to relieve themselves. You have to worry about noise level with your neighbors sharing a wall with you. To help your dog live comfortably in your space, a good apartment dog should meet at least one (but preferably two or three) of four qualities: Be small to medium in size. Have low to medium exercise needs. Be able to hold their bladders for several hours at a time (or be comfortable using a wee mat or turf for their potty needs). Be relatively quiet. Size and Weight Most apartments are much smaller than the average freestanding home, so a dog will have less room to move and romp around in an apartment. The larger the dog, the less room they have in a small space and the more likely they are to feel â€Å"cooped up.† Larger dogs will also be more likely to accidentally leaving destruction in their wake in a small space. An enthusiastic jump or tail-wag from a five-pound dog won’t do much damage in an apartment, but the same gesture from a large dog in a small space can easily knock items off a low table, knock over lamps and other furniture, or otherwise cause chaos. In addition, larger breeds are also more prone to joint and hip problems and can have more difficulty going up and down stairs. And this can get especially tricky in an apartment complex. When it comes to sheer size alone, it’s often best for both dogs and humans if an apartment dog is less than 50 pounds (even better if the dog is less than 25 pounds). There are some exceptions to this rule, but in general, smaller is better for apartment living. Exercise Needs All dogs need daily exercise and living in an apartment can sometimes make this tricky. Without a backyard, your dog must get its daily exercise quotient from walks, some amount of playing and romping in the apartment, and trips to outdoor spaces like a dog park. Some breeds require a boatload of exercise and stimulation to be happy (a Border Collie, for example, could run circles around most people without tiring), while other breeds take a more laid back approach to life. With dedication, you can exercise most dog breeds well enough to handle apartment living, but it will take commitment and a significant amount of time each day to accomplish this. As most people do not have the time or energy to exercise a high-energy breed all the time, the best dog breeds for apartments are those naturally equipped to need less exercise. The best apartment dogs are content with a daily, 20 to 30 minute walk or trip to the park, and will spend the rest of their day snoozing, chewing, or playing games indoors. Potty Needs Even when fully grown, toy breeds and other small dog breeds simply can’t hold their bladders as long as larger breeds can. And living in an apartment can make it more difficult for you to take your dog outside. But don’t despair! If you live in an apartment, you have a few options for your dogs and their potty needs. Because it can sometimes be tricky to constantly take a dog outside, you can either: Choose a dog breed that can hold its bladder for a reasonably long amount of time (seven to eight hours) Choose a dog that’s small enough to comfortably use a wee mat or fake turf If you don’t want dog waste in your home and your apartment has a balcony, you can set up a bathroom area with mats or turf outside. You can also simply set aside a corner of the bathroom or other area of the home for this purpose if you don’t mind your dog going potty indoors. The best apartment dogs will either be able to follow a routine of going outside on a leash with you every seven to eight hours to relieve themselves, or they will be small and trainable enough able to go cleanly and comfortably in or around the apartment. Noise Level Apartment living means sharing walls (and noise) with your neighbors. For the sake of peace and quality of apartment living, it’s a good idea to choose a dog breed that’s less inclined to bark. Some breeds are natural â€Å"watchdogs† and will light up at any perceived threat or noise, while other breeds will generally keep mum. Though, with time and patience, you can train a â€Å"watchdog† to be less reactive, it’s simpler to go with a dog that’s little less likely to light up in the first place. Some dogs will also tend to bark or howl when left alone, so a good apartment dog should be one less inclined towards this kind of separation anxiety. The 21 Best Apartment Dogs Now that we’ve looked at some of the most important criteria of what makes for good apartment dogs, let’s see the breeds that make the cut for the best dogs for apartment living. Bichon Frise Cuddly and kind, the Bichon Frise is a popular toy breed that requires little exercise and isn’t prone to yappiness or other excessive barking. They are easily adaptable to new environments and are willing to listen to training and gentle correction. They can, however, be inclined towards separation anxiety. So you may have to be careful about separation whining or barking and look into separation anxiety training if this happens. Brussels Griffon Despite looking like they walk around with a perpetual cartoon frown, the Brussels Griffon is an extremely sweet breed of dog and wants little more out of life than love and cuddles. In fact, they will often demand love and cuddles (and play!) at home, but they don’t need a lot of outdoor exercise to be happy. They can be stubborn and difficult to train, so try to nip any bad habits- like watchdog barking, whining, or indoor soiling- in the bud before they become too firmly established. And a loving training regime will do wonders to curb any unwanted behavior. Cavalier King Charles Spaniel You’ll never be in want of love or cuddles with a King Charles Cavalier around. An extremely friendly and easy-going dog, some will greet guests by giving a couple of friendly barks and licks. But they aren’t inclined to bark excessively or at strange noises (unless they see a bird out the window). They’re a curious and playful breed, but don’t need much exercise beyond a daily walk. Their favorite place is in a lap- your lap, a friend’s, a stranger’s, any lap will generally do! Chihuahua Popular for their small size and big, sweet eyes, the Chihuahua is an often-seen apartment dog. Though their size and minimum exercise needs are perfectly suited to apartment living, they can also be prone to loudness if not well-trained. So be sure you know how to train against excessive barking before you take on Chihuahua ownership! Chihuahuas are probably best trained on a wee mat or turf since they can’t hold their bladders very long. Coton de Tulear Bouncy balls of cotton-fluff, Coton de Tulears are adaptable, friendly, and fun. They’ll make their own entertainment when you’re busy, but they will also take direction well if it’s time for training or games. They need to spend one or two days a week romping around a park to run, but otherwise are content with daily walks. They’re happy to be outside or inside snuggling, whichever’s on the menu. English Bulldog English Bulldogs are sweet, gentle, and fairly low-maintenance. Not much inclined towards exercise or barking, these dogs would rather be sleeping or lounging than running or sounding the alarm, making them one of the very best dogs for apartments. Do take care that these are brachiocephalic dogs, which means they have flat faces. This can make breathing- especially strenuous breathing- difficult, so be careful with exercise and hot weather and make sure to monitor them closely. French Bulldog Friendly, funny, and relaxed French Bulldogs will often be happy to entertain themselves. But they’ll almost never snub an affection pat, so don’t mistake independence for aloofness. Another brachiocephalic dog breed, so little exercise is needed or required here. Though do take care that the French Bulldog is inclined towards (over)eating, which means you’ll have to be careful of weight gain, since it’s difficult for them to run off those extra pounds. Glen of Imaal Terrier A spunky, curious breed, Glen of Imaal Terriers are eager to explore the environment around them. They are less inclined towards confrontation or hunting than other terriers are, so are a little less likely to get themselves into trouble. Glen of Imaal Terriers require some quick exercise to be happy, so in addition to a daily walk, they’d like a few days in the park, a jog, or other opportunity to run every week, but will be happy to spend the rest of the time indoors with the family. Greyhound Though they’re large, extremely prey-driven dogs, Greyhounds are happy couch potatoes and will be satisfied with a daily walk and playtime at home. This is especially true for former racing Greyhounds who are more than content to retire to a life of relaxation. Very sensitive, snuggly, and loving, Greyhounds are tuned into your emotions and needs. They are quiet dogs, but they are also inclined towards separation anxiety and separation-based destruction. So start training them early how to handle your leaving the house if you don’t want to come home to the destruction of all your worldly possessions. Havanese Playful, spirited, and brave, the Havanese is a high energy breed that requires daily mental stimulation. But they don’t need much more than a short daily walk when it comes to physical exercise. It’s a good idea, however, to bring this dog on regular outings in the world- especially to different locations whenever possible- to feed some of that mental energy. But, otherwise, the Havanese will be happy to spend the day indoors, sticking close to their family and snuggling. Lhasa Apso The Lhasa Apso is a loyal, sweet, and gentle dog with model-like hair. They’re also smart dogs, though, unlike many clever dog breeds (such as terriers), Lhasa Apsos are not inclined towards mischief or destruction when bored. They will, however, seek you out to ask for playtime and attention when they need it. They will also sound the alert if startled, so some training may be necessary. But, even then, the Lhasa Apso has a fairly quiet, and less-than-intimidating bark. Miniature Pinscher Miniature Pinschers are clever, fearless, and affectionate. Give them love, play, and a daily chance to sniff and explore, and your Miniature Pinscher (or â€Å"Min Pin†) will have everything its heart desires. These are natural watchdogs, but easily trained, so you can curb excessive barking with a little know-how (and a lot of treats!). Min Pin’s need a chance to run at least once or twice a week, but are otherwise content with a daily walk and some playtime at home. Papillon The Papillon is a smart, responsive, and playful breed. They can be timid towards strangers, but once they love you they love you, and there’s no letting go. Graceful and energetic, they love to play with their families and need to run off some energy, but a daily walk and some time in the park will be enough for them. Pekingese The Pekingese is an affectionate, but not overly-needy dog, happy to spend time either alone or with people. A Pekingese will also alert you to any visitors that come a’knocking, but won’t get carried away with barking. They are sweet dogs, eager to cuddle and play, but who don’t need too much exercise. In fact, the Pekingese is another brachiocephalic breed, so be careful with hot weather and letting your Pekingese get too much exercise too quickly. Toy Poodle All Poodle breeds (Toy Poodle, Miniature Poodle, and Standard Poodle) are highly intelligent dog breeds that are easily trainable. But the Toy Poodle requires the least amount of exercise of the three types and is often the most even-tempered, so they’re typically the best choice of the three breeds when it comes to apartment living. Curious and playful, the Toy Poodle does well when provided with regular stimulus. It’s a good idea to take your Toy Poodle out and about with you when you’re running errands or are otherwise outside. Letting them see the world will help them focus all that mental energy, and will provide a daily dose of fun. Pug Pugs are generally quiet, laid back dogs that make great apartment companions. They’re sweet and goofy, and while they’re happy to play with you, most Pugs don’t need excessive amounts of attention throughout the day to be happy. They also don’t require much exercise and too much can even be harmful, as their brachiocephalic faces can cause breathing problems if they over-exert themselves or are out too long in hot weather. Do note that they can be prone to weight-gain, however, so be diligent in balancing out their meals and walks. Shih Tzu Friendly and relaxed, the Shih Tzu often has a large-dog temperament in a small-dog body. They’ll be happy to explore the world with you or chill out on the couch, depending on what you want to do that day. They’re also eager to learn and are highly trainable, so playtime is a must. But they don’t need too much in the way of exercise to be content. Silky Terrier Silky Terriers (or â€Å"Silkies†) are loyal and loving to their families, but are often wary of the world. So they can be prone to giving the alert by barking, both indoors and out, but training will help curb this tendency. Playful and energetic little dogs, Silkies are eager to play but will be happy with a short daily walk when it comes to their exercise needs. And when they’re not playing, they’re happy to curl up in small spaces, which makes apartment living perfect for them. Skye Terrier Pleple2000/Wikimedia Affectionate and fearless, Skye Terriers will take on the world, but they are sensitive to harsh words or reprimands from their families. Come at them gently and they’ll never be far from your side. Skye Terriers are mild-mannered and easily adaptable to city life and apartment living. They need daily walks but are otherwise content to play, explore, and snuggle at home. Tibetan Spaniel Tibetan Spaniels are extremely easy-going dogs. Adaptable to new situations and environments, they are equally as happy to go on long walks as they are to snuggle on the couch. Though they may sound the alarm for visitors, a well-placed treat will silence any barking. And they’re otherwise quiet enough that your neighbors will wonder whether or not you even have a dog in your apartment. Yorkshire Terrier Like most terriers, Yorkshire Terriers (or Yorkies) are spunky little balls of mischief and fun. They’re loving and cuddly with their families, but they are often shy of strangers. Many will try to run away or hide if a stranger tries to pet them, so it’s a good idea to socialize them early. Yorkies are energetic and playful and are happy to run, but don’t actually require much daily exercise beyond a regular, half-hour walk. Many Yorkies will also sound the alarm by barking if they hear visitors or other â€Å"suspicious† noises, but training can minimize this tendency. How to Help Any Dog Adjust to Apartment Living Though these are the best dog breeds for apartments, most dogs can learn to live in an apartment with enough exercise and the right training. And even the best apartment dogs will need to learn how to cope with the unique circumstances that make up apartment living. So let’s look at what you need to do to teach your dog how to adapt to apartment living. #1: Train Them to Get Used to the Noise Apartments can be loud. There’s noise above you, below you, to the sides of you, and the noise from people walking down the hallway in front of your front door. To your dog, all these people making noise near your home is a flagrant breech of privacy, and they can induce fear, anxiety, and even fear-based aggression. Help your dog get used to the noise of apartment living by connecting the noise to positive stimuli. Give your dog a happy-sounding cue word (like, â€Å"What’s that?!†) and a treat whenever you hear the noise from your neighbors. You can also invite a friend over (one that your dog likes) to knock on your door. Give the cue word and the treat when your dog hears the noise, then give your dog an extra reward by letting your friend inside for happy pats and cuddles. #2: Give Them Their Own Designated Space Your dog is a part of your family, and the apartment is a den for all of you to share. But just like you need your own space away from other people sometimes, so too does your dog. Make the apartment seem larger for your dog by providing them with their own, human-free zone. This might be a crate, or a dog playpen, or even just a dog bed in the corner of the apartment. Just make sure it’s a space where your dog can retreat to when they want some time alone and that you don’t try to bother your pup when it goes there. #3: Introduce Them to Other Dogs in the Complex If your apartment complex allows dogs, then chances are there are a good number of other dogs living in the building. To help your dog feel comfortable with these dogs (especially hearing these dogs move, bark, or whine throughout the day), see if you can introduce your pup to the other dogs in the building. Try to take your dog to the places the other dogs go for bathroom breaks, or introduce yourself to any of your neighbors that you see with dogs. Set up doggy playdates to help your pup make friends with the neighbor dogs (and you may even make some human friends out of it too!). #4: Teach Them How to Use a Wee Mat or Train Them to â€Å"Hold It† for Long Periods of Time Wee mats smell faintly of urine and pheromones, so dogs will naturally be inclined to potty on them. But even so, you’ll have to train your dog on how to use the wee mat or the indoor turf to make the process fun and easy and avoid any accidents. If you choose to forgo wee mats and train your dog to wait until you can go outside together, then you’ll have to progress slowly. Many grown dogs can potentially hold their bladders for upwards of 8 hours, but not all dogs can manage this. Start by taking your dog outside every 2 to 3 hours and then increase the time between outings by half an hour every few days until you get up to between 6 and 8 hours. If your dog starts to have accidents indoors or sniffs or whines to go outside, then you may need to decrease the time between potty breaks. Alternatively, you may think about getting a doggy turf to place in your bathroom or on the apartment balcony.

Write an analysis of Shakespeare's use of language in Act 1 scene 5 of Essay

Write an analysis of Shakespeare's use of language in Act 1 scene 5 of Twelth Night. You should also comment as appropriate on the relationship between language - Essay Example o-earth characters who appeal to the working classes, side-by-side with complexities of plot which would satisfy the appetites of the aristocrats among the audience† (Geraghty, 2002). To create these complexities that could interest the aristocracy as well as the commoners, Shakespeare’s plays usually contained some form of commentary upon his society and its values within the text and Twelfth Night, or, What You Will is no exception. The play is a romantic comedy, relating the story of a pair of twins washed up separately upon the same shore, each thinking the other is dead, which happen to come individually upon a pair of nobles and romantic foolishness ensues. Through a variety of language styles, diction and word play, Shakespeare manages to convey social position as well as degree of intelligence within his characters in such a way that calls into question the prevailing assumptions and conceptions of his day as can be seen through an analysis of Act 1, Scene 5 of t he play. This scene is neatly divided by the arrivals of two of the characters to Olivia’s house. At the opening of the scene, Feste, the house jester, returns after an unexplained absence and must charm his way back into his mistress’ good graces. In doing so, he makes jokes with the other characters present until the scene is interrupted by the arrival of Viola, disguised as Cesario, delivering a message of love from Duke Orsino for Olivia. The conversation between Olivia and Cesario sparks an immediate and intense interest from Olivia. In both halves of this scene, language variety reveals social class as well as sincerity of intention within the characters portrayed. An example of how variety of language style is used in the first part of this scene can be found as the language style of Feste changes depending upon whom he is speaking with. As he speaks with fellow servant Maria, his responses are quick witticisms based upon sexual innuendo: â€Å"He that is well hanged in this

Mergers & Acquisitions. Sprint-T-Mobile Term Paper

Mergers & Acquisitions. Sprint-T-Mobile - Term Paper Example The prospective merger between T-Mobile and Sprint has evoked mixed opinions among the shareholders of both the companies. T-Mobile USA is a subsidiary of German based Deutsche Telekom AG (DTE). The intention of DTE is to sell off the entity to Sprint and own a major stake in the combined entity. (Saitto et.al., 2011) The merger will be positive for both the companies in terms of the market presence. As of now both the companies are the third and the fourth largest operators. This deal would be beneficial for the shareholders of T-Mobile. The shareholders of T-Mobile are already worried with the recent drop in its share price due to drop in quarter-on-quarter profits. Therefore, any possible merger is an opportunity for the shareholders to sell the shares on a price better that a market price. Moreover, for those shareholders who are not selling off the shares, it is an opportunity for them to get more shares allotted in the new entity. The situation is slightly different in terms of the shareholders of Sprint. Sprint has a strong technology back up to compete with all the competitors in the market. â€Å"Sprint Nextel has partnered with Clearwire to build a 4G wireless network using a technology called WiMax, which is now available in 43 markets.† (ABMN, 2010) Sprint is already committed to pay Clearwire Corporation for building 4G wireless technology. Sprint is bound to pay Clearwire a minimum amount of $850 million in two years. This can even go up based on the growth in data usage. This deal though was spread over for 2 to 3 years will raise the debt level of the company. A potential merger with T-Mobile will further raise the debt level of Sprint. This will be threatening for the financial position of the company. Eventually this can lead to loss for the shareholders. At this point, it is important to look at the financial position of both the companies. T-Mobile has been facing serious decline in its cu stomer base and profitability for some quarters now. All other players in the market are well equipped with sufficient technologies to capitalize the future market. It is difficult for T-Mobile to capture additional customers as they lack the technology strength to do so. Therefore, the customer and profit erosion for T-Mobile will be much faster in the coming years. â€Å"During the first quarter of 2011, T-Mobile saw its revenue hit $4.63 billion, putting it in line with the first quarter of 2010. However, the company’s profit fell over $200 million year over year from $362 million last year to $135 million in the first quarter of 2011.† (Reisinger, 2011) The total customer loss in 2010 alone was 56,000. The second quarter results of the company have shown a decrease in the total assets to $46,291 million from that of $46,299 million. Cash and equivalents have decreased to $109 million from that of $344 million. There is an increase in the total liabilities of the co mpany. Sprint Nextel is better positioned than T-mobile in terms of the financial position. Unlike T-Mobile, Sprint reported first quarterly revenue after 3 years. Sprint was also undergoing a loss of revenue since 2007. (Bloomberg, 2011) The net incomes were on the negative side year on year. The first quarterly revenue was in fact a positive sign that the financial position of the company will pick up. But then the second quarter results were again on the negative side for the company. (Sprint, 2011) These negative revenues have taken a tall on the cash flow of the company. Especially at this stage when the Sprint is

The Life of an Outsider in New York Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Life of an Outsider in New York - Essay Example On the other hand, Mosley paints a less romantic picture of America by detailing struggles of the working class. He says that although America is a land of great wealth, it has a large population of the poor population. The paradox of the situation is that while the poor people make the wealth for the rich people, the wealth is retained by a smaller part of the population. It is essential to highlight that immigrants usually provides the highest population of workers. Such workers do low-end jobs that involve tedious work. Mosley blames the middle class for their negligent attitude on the phenomenon of income inequality (White 187).   Ã‚  Capitalism, therefore, is a disease to the country since it relies on wage labor as a contributor to profits. In spite of its importance, labor is not adequately compensated for the same. On the other hand, Mosley paints a less romantic picture of America by detailing struggles of the working class. He says that although America is a land of great wealth, it has a large population of the poor population. The paradox of the situation is that while the poor people make the wealth for the rich people, the wealth is retained by a smaller part of the population. It is essential to highlight that immigrants usually provides the highest population of workers. Such workers do low-end jobs that involve tedious work. Mosley blames the middle class for their negligent attitude on the phenomenon of income inequality (White 187). Capitalism, therefore, is a disease to the country since it relies on wage labor as a contributor to profits. In spite of its importance, labor is not adequately compensated for the same.

The marketing strategies of Heinz Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The marketing strategies of Heinz - Assignment Example This report is designed to have an insight about an organization that is about to conduct some market research into consumer buying habits for the products and services that this company has for sale. Moreover, this research will address the obstacles in the way of the operations of Heinz and their competitors in order to clarify the current and future market standing of the company. Henry John Heinz, the founder of this company said that he learned from his parents’ idea of business which was, â€Å"Deal with the seller so justly that he will want to sell to you again.† He believed in fair play in the business and this quality of him had made him a successful businessman. He founded Heinz almost 150 years ago. Heinz was formed in Sharpsburg (a suburb of Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania, in 1869 by entrepreneur Henry John Heinz. To this day the company has become a global business dealer in the consumer food industry. Heinz is a $10.7 billion global company. The products of He inz enjoy #1 or #2 market share in more than 50 countries. Every year the company sells 650 million bottles of its iconic Ketchup. Heinz's top 15 power brands are counted as more than two-thirds of its annual sales. There are about 35000 people that are employed by Heinz in almost 50 countries around the globe. Heinz is a liable corporate citizen dedicated to safe practices, environmental stewardship and giving back to the society. The basic task required in this report is to find the appropriate research procedure and outlines its merits and de-merits. Further it is required to analyze the research by proper sampling procedure for accumulating substantial and real results. 4 External or in-house research

Ethical Leadership Description Annotated Bibliography

Ethical Leadership Description - Annotated Bibliography Example Trevià ±o, et al (2010) considers the creation of an ethical culture in the organization is considered by as salient attribute of ethical leadership. In this regard, ethical leadership will be differentiated from hypocritical leadership and ethically neutral leadership. Bibb (2010) provided an interesting exposition of a few characteristics of ethical leaders which are antithetical to the concept of strong leadership. This will conclude the section on characteristics of ethical leaders A. Van Wart’s (2008) model of ethical and exemplary leadership asserts that â€Å"the person of good character will recognize ethical issues, reflect on ethical issues, integrate the collective good into appropriate decisions; the person with high character will also make a substantial contribution or exhibit sacrifices courage for the common moral good† (p.101). B. Van Wart (2008) described another important model of ethical leadership called the ethics-based approach causal chain which posits that â€Å"leadership styles grounded on social consciousness, self-discipline and courage [are directed towards] performance goals for the greatest common good, empowerment of followers and quality of decision; [and the realization of these goals are influenced by] †¦ the consciousness of ethical responsibilities, self-discipline and the courage of conviction† (p. 102). C. Caldwell, et al. (2002) created the model of the four umpires, which constitutes a framework for understanding a leader’s perspective better. In this model, umpires are suggested to be using Schein and Senge’s five beliefs model in contextualizing their identity. Such perspective is believed to wield a substantial influence on the ethical responsibility of leaders in each quadrant of the model.

Hospice Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hospice Care - Essay Example Although the modern hospice care started in the 17th century, it was Dame Cicely Saunders who pioneered the foundational principles of the modern hospices in the 1950s. The movement of hospice care, which has met with several types of criticisms through its development, has enjoyed a rapid expansion in the UK, the US and several other nations. "Pioneered in England, hospice took root in the United States during the 1970s and was added as a benefit to the Medicare program in the early 1980s. Its origins lie in a grassroots movement that lay outside the medical mainstream and was informed by an ethic of compassion, dignity, and service. More or less self-consciously, hospice care was initially designed for people who were dying of cancer, and who had a functional family support system and a home where they could be cared for away from the high-tech hospital environment. Over time, the vision and the values of the hospice movement have developed and matured." (What Is Hospice Care 2003, p 6). The movement of hospice care has undergone development through various stages in the history of nursing and it is essential to compare and contrast nursing role, processes, etc during the twentieth century and early twenty first century. The various stages of the development of the hospice care include the periods 1920-1929, 1930-1945, 1946-1959, 1960-1975, and 1976 to present, and the nursing role, processes, etc in the hospice care has improved through these stages. In the health care industry, hospice has been a considerably newcomer, although the origins of hospice are in antiquity. The modern hospice care program has its origin in the mid-1960s in the founding of St Christopher's Hospice in England. The hospice movement has been significant development in health care industry as it has provided several strategies for the treatment of people who are no longer candidates for curative or rehabilitation services. "Traditions of kindness for sick and dying patients are to be found in all societies from antiquity. The beginning of the modern hospice movement is usually attributed to Dame Cicely Saunders, who founded St Christopher's Hospice in London in 1967. Two years later Elizabeth Kubbler Ross published her book, On Death and Dying, based on her experiences talking with dying patients in a Chicago hospital In 1953 the first advanced mammal, a dog named Knowsy (because he knew what was on the 'other side') was successfully resuscitated. Further advances in resuscitation and advanced life-support led to the propagation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and intensive care units during the early 1960s." (Hallenbeck, 2003, p 3). Therefore, the modern hospice movement has undergone vital improvements since its founding and the role of the nurses as well as the process of the care has gone through various stages. In a reflective analysis of the history of hospice care in the twentieth century, one realizes that there have been several developments in this nursing care with regard to the role of the nurses and the process of the care. Significantly, hospice can be comprehended as a philosophy of caring which respects and values the dignity and worth of every human being. Therefore, a good hospice care may be understood as the practical expression of the personal and professional commitment in the nursing care. Hospice care, which is meant for people approaching

Ethical Leadership Description Annotated Bibliography

Ethical Leadership Description - Annotated Bibliography Example Trevià ±o, et al (2010) considers the creation of an ethical culture in the organization is considered by as salient attribute of ethical leadership. In this regard, ethical leadership will be differentiated from hypocritical leadership and ethically neutral leadership. Bibb (2010) provided an interesting exposition of a few characteristics of ethical leaders which are antithetical to the concept of strong leadership. This will conclude the section on characteristics of ethical leaders A. Van Wart’s (2008) model of ethical and exemplary leadership asserts that â€Å"the person of good character will recognize ethical issues, reflect on ethical issues, integrate the collective good into appropriate decisions; the person with high character will also make a substantial contribution or exhibit sacrifices courage for the common moral good† (p.101). B. Van Wart (2008) described another important model of ethical leadership called the ethics-based approach causal chain which posits that â€Å"leadership styles grounded on social consciousness, self-discipline and courage [are directed towards] performance goals for the greatest common good, empowerment of followers and quality of decision; [and the realization of these goals are influenced by] †¦ the consciousness of ethical responsibilities, self-discipline and the courage of conviction† (p. 102). C. Caldwell, et al. (2002) created the model of the four umpires, which constitutes a framework for understanding a leader’s perspective better. In this model, umpires are suggested to be using Schein and Senge’s five beliefs model in contextualizing their identity. Such perspective is believed to wield a substantial influence on the ethical responsibility of leaders in each quadrant of the model.

How to Fix Social Security Number Essay Example for Free

How to Fix Social Security Number Essay The social security numbers (SSN) are used to identify participants in the federal government’s social security program, which uses public funds to provide retirement and disability benefits for those who those who are currently eligible, same benefits goes to the worker himself and his family. It is the Social Security Agency (SSA) that provides the social security number (www. standord. edu). The social security number is unique to every individual holder; this is why the government and other agencies used it primarily for identification and administrative purposes. Thus, it can be used for several transactions in the bank, in school or in the company where you work. However, it can be very vulnerable for identity theft. When such instances occur, several steps should be undertaken. If someone knew your number, he can acquire personal information’s about you and used your name either for work purposes or to get credit. File a complaint to the Federal Trade Commission through internet (www. consumer. gov/idtheft) or telephone (1-877-IDTHEFT [1-877-438-4338]). You can also check your social security statement to determine if there are errors in your earnings account. If someone uses your SSN for credit, contact the creditor who approved the credit then file a police report. Call or e-mail fraud department of any of the following credit agencies: Equifax, www. equifax. com; Experian, www. experian. com and TransUnion, www. transunion. com, to help fix your credit records (www. ssa. gov). You can ask them to place a flag on your records that requires the creditors to contact you before approving credits under your name and number, indicate how long your account will be flag and request for a statement on your credit report, however be sure to put your name and contact information for them to call you (www. pueblo. gsa. gov). Another option is to get a new SSN, however it is not guaranteed that it will solved the problem, and you can also contact the Security System for more of your inquiries (www. socialsecurity. gov). References Bechtel International Center. 2006, April 18. Social Security Number. Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http://www. stanford. edu/dept/icenter/new/orientation/SOCIAL_SECURITY_NUMBER. htm Social Security Online. 2007. Identity Theft And Your Social Security Number. Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http://www. pueblo. gsa. gov/cic_text/money/idtheftssn/yourssn. html Social Security Online. 2008, January 14. When Someone Else Uses Your Social Security Number. Retrieved April 18, 2008 from, http://www. ssa. gov/oig/hotline/when. htm

Protection Of The Uncrc Children And Young People Essay

Protection Of The Uncrc Children And Young People Essay In every part of the world, children are particularly vulnerable beings thus they should be in contained of every rights that recognize their need for protection and harboured away from any intentional and unintentional harm. Littlechild (2000) construe child protection as children requiring proper protection from their states and agents, because they are not up to power in protecting themselves. It is fundamental children should be nurtured in a safe and healthy environment, benefitting them in all areas of development and future progress. Siraj-Blatchford and Woodhead (2009) shared, a childs progress and success in life depends primarily on the earliest experiences of a childs learning. It is the responsibility and duty of care of the stakeholders to safeguard children by creating a positive and responsive environment for them. ODonnell and Seymour (2004) analysed issues of childrens disadvantages in unfavourable situations are due to economic factors, poverty, social values, norms and traditions. These adversities put children at stake of education disadvantages and impairment in aspects of physical, intellectual and social-emotional development. These consequently escalate later in life to unemployment, violence, crimes, poor housing, poor health and illness hence shortening lives and poor parenting skills to provide for the younger ones. Davis (2011) identified these conditions persist from childhood to adulthood and transmit across one generation to another. He added that intervention services are needed for these people so as they can better provide and equip themselves with common necessities and break the cycle of poverty. Laming (2009) acknowledged the same to protect children at risk and actions to be taken at soonest. It is necessary for stakeholders with authority to interrupt the chain of negati ve effects by investing early and intensively in childrens rights and wellbeing. Outlining UNCRC, Britto (2012) noted it has incorporated fifty-four articles, categorized into three focuses: key principles, humanitarian rights, and means of monitoring the convention. Lundy, McEvoy and Byrne (2011) suggested areas in humanitarian rights which children should be entitled on are education, play, privacy, health and healthcare as well as adequate standard of living and protection from harmful influences. UNCRC establishes on three main fields of childrens rights: protection, provision and participation (Leer, 2009). In Winter (2011), Alderson (2008) exemplified an insight to each field. He addresses on protection (in forms of abuse, harm, exploitation, neglect and violence), provision (of services, support, guidance and information) and participation (whereby children being fully involved in family, cultural and social life). UNCRC aims to help children in meeting necessity basic needs and expanding opportunities that reaches out in developing childrens full potentia l. In doing so, UNCRC brings a community together in creating a protective environment for their children. Saffigna et al (2011) noted intricacy in defining every childs experience of community as all of them differ. Bronfenbrenners (1979) ecological systems theory identifies a child is influenced indirectly and directly by five intersecting systems. These environmental factors can be people, neighbourhood, home, traditions, schools, cultures, laws, services, policies, ministries and relationships. Woodhead (2006) detailed with microsystems being closest to child, everyday settings usually home and school, and relationships with people in there. Mesosystems are interrelationships between microsystems, exosystems refer to strong influences acting indirectly on the child such as local government, welfare services and polices, and last but not least, macrosystems acknowledge the mediating influence of dominant beliefs and values around children (Woodhead, 2006). Drawing from there, the UNCRC is logically to be field in the outermost layer of the ecological system theory as Vaghri et al (2011 ) defined, articles 42-45 of the Convention accedes in assisting state parties to better comprehend, administer and monitor the implementation of UNCRC in their respective countries. UNCRC influences the composition of societys image on children, early childhood and the practices. They increase awareness all over the world to provide a fair level playing field for protecting children from disadvantages (Siraj-Blatchford, 2009). Article 4 of the Convention on the Rights of Child (UNCRC, 1989) adjure governments in undertaking all appropriate legislative, administrative, and other measures to ensure children achieves equality, receives protection and the rights to survival and development in all areas. The convention requires governments undertaking all measures to greatest extent pertaining to their available resources complying with UNCRC. For instance pledging childrens rights to the fullest potential of mental and physical health (Fortin, 1999). According to Welbourne (2002) by Shier (2001), it is mandatory that all authority and organizations signatory to the UNCRC ought to be committed in making them part of their laws and to ensure that their practices shoul d be all time consistent and conforming with the standards set on protecting the rights and intended benefit of children. Mekonen (2010) derived state parties efforts in meeting the conventions obligations to children reflect childrens significance on their policy agendas hence is creating a child-friendliness state. This indicates UNCRCs power to drive on state parties on to take on different views and perspectives in making differences to better quality welfare for best interest of children. That being said, there remain concerns of to what extent does UNCRC protect children and making differences in their lives. Across to the Committee on Rights of the Child (1989), articles dealing specifically on the protection of children comprises of extensive areas. The focus areas decided upon on are: child labour and education. The programme shares how UNCRC was beneficial to the children who fall through the cracks in Paraguay. Article 32 of the CRC commits state parties in protecting children from economic exploitation and labour that is prone to hazardous or interference to childrens education and overall development. Children who are actuated to labour are derived of opportunities, development and childhood (Dukess, 2006). Poverty is a potential cause that drives children to labour (UNICEF,2012). To break the cycle, it is to ensure children get access to attend school and receive a quality education. In Paraguay, UNICEF (2007) analysed that in 2001, there were 1 in every 5 children who were economically active, some beginning at an early age and those working daily shown poorer academic results. Searching for attempts to eradicate child labour in these communities, the government initiated Abrazo Programme in 2005 based on the methodology developed by UNICEF (UNICEF, 2010). ESC (2010) briefed Abrazo Programme as a blanket that provides care and attention, such as healthcare access, education support and other benefits for children and their families. It is inclusive of financial support via conditional cash transfers. This policy instrument renders cash transfers directly to households, however as programmes requirement, parents are expected to send their children to school in return (Fors, 2012). Being part of the Abrazo Programme, Cabrera (2010) noted that presences of community centres in the neighbourhoods are safe havens for children. Providing them with education reinforcements, playgrounds, lunch and social assistances. Children have access to education and are provided with one healthy meal per day. The Social Welfare Institute contributes food supplies, benefitting children with necessary nutrition yet also creating jobs for mothers preparing meals. Children from other schools are welcomed to the centre after their classes, thus cases of children facing abuse and exploitation on the streets becomes less likely. Though education is an significant factor in terms of enriching childrens life-long skills to future engagement (Mekonen, 2010), qualities of education centres are vital tools to childrens learning, containing: teachers, lessons, resources and materials. Rivkin, Hanushek and Kain (2005) highlighted that teachers effectiveness determines schools quality. To hire and retain teachers, the Houston Independent School District (2008) established the Abrazo New Teacher Induction Program providing grade-level trainings and mentoring for beginning teachers with the veterans. Expanding the concept, they work together towards a new scheme compromising of professional development trainings for all teachers. Though workshop opportunities and community support groups for upgrading, equipping teachers with better knowledge and practices in classrooms. The program ensures teachers learning and teaching in constant betterment in order to provide productively for children. Teachers are necessities for schools functioning, hence the importance on their quality. Dale (2004) analysed to acquire phenomenal transformation experiences; these outcomes have to go through commendable interagency bundles with assessment and proficient professionals. Paraguay raises profiles of childrens rights significantly with support and guidance of UNCRC. As poverty is a major challenge to child vulnerability, the Abrazo program was formed intended to reduce poverty in the long run to improve lives of children. Although it benefitted Paraguayans, there is lack of accurate statistics that track progress on child labour. Explained by Joleby and Konstadinidis (2008) the difficulty faced while collating findings was some children were never registered in Paraguays records, whereas UNICEF only provided general look with no specific data. To evaluate phenomenon of UNCRC, Mekonen (2010) discerned it is measured by the state parties effort of inputs that they channelled for the benefit of children and outcomes they achieve. It is more helpful if stakeholders within states are in conjunction with the UNCRC and play by the laws and policies in attaining childs well-being. Noted by Axford (2008), anything that contributes to the development and sustenance of childs well-being and growth plays a role: these involve the whole Bronfenbrenners Ecological System. Despite commitment of multisectoral strategies and plans of actions, approaches to protect and up bring a child is to broad extent depending on the caregivers in the microsystem as they have closest interaction with the child. The caregivers behaviour, imparted knowledge, traditions and cultures affect their practices with children. Hence, ODonnell and Seymour (2004) determined that it is substantial for frontline staffs to be equipped with the skills in recognizing an d knowing how to respond to children in need. The UNCRC acts as a push factor for people to have more awareness on the importance of early childhood and encourages stakeholders to invest in early childhood sector. As discussed before, investing in early childhood breaks poverty in distant future. Children are more competent of success in life through good health and nutrition, and quality education programmes with appropriate stimulation and interaction with others (The World Bank, 2011). The UNCRC advocates encouragement and support for countries to invest in the future workforce thriving the lives of children generation after generation as a society.

The History of Apartheid in South Africa :: essays research papers

The History of Apartheid in South Africa South Africa is a country blessed with an abundance of natural resources including fertile farmlands and unique mineral resources. South African mines are world leaders in the production of diamonds and gold as well as strategic metals such as platinum. The climate is mild, reportedly resembling the San Francisco bay area weather more than anywhere in the world. South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the seventeenth century. English domination of the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or Afrikaners) resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal. The discovery of diamonds in these lands around 1900 resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Boer War. Following independence from England, an uneasy power-sharing between the two groups held sway until the 1940's, when the Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a strong majority. Strategists in the National Party invented apartheid as a means to cement their control over the economic and social system. Initially, aim of the apartheid was to maintain white domination while extending racial separation. Starting in the 60's, a plan of ``Grand Apartheid'' was executed, emphasizing territorial separation and police repression. With the enactment of apartheid laws in 1948, racial discrimination was institutionalized. Race laws touched every aspect of social life, including a prohibition of marriage between non-whites and whites, and the sanctioning of ``white-only'' jobs. In 1950, the Population Registration Act required that all South Africans be racially classified into one of three categories: white, black (African), or colored (of mixed decent). The coloured category included major subgroups of Indians and Asians. Classification into these categories was based on appearance, social acceptance, and descent. For example, a white person was defined as ``in appearance obviously a white person or generally accepted as a white person.'' A person could not be considered white if one of his or her parents were non-white. The determination that a person was ``obviously white'' would take into account ``his habits, education, and speech and deportment and demeanor.'' A black person would be of or accepted as a me mber of an African tribe or race, and a colored person is one that is not black or white. The Department of Home Affairs (a government bureau) was responsible for the classification of the citizenry. Non-compliance with the race laws were dealt with harshly. All blacks were required to carry ``pass books'' containing fingerprints, photo and information on access to non-black areas.